ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช

ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ 'ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ' ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื  ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“.

ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ

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23 ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“

ื ืžืฆืื• 0 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื”
ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–

ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ

ื’ืœื™ ืžื“ื”ืœื”

ื’ืœื™ื” ืคืจื—ื™

ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื

ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื–ื’ืœื•, ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœื•ื˜ื˜ื™, ืืจื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืก, ื”ื“ืกื” ืืฉื“, ื”ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจ-ื–ื›ืื™, ื•ืจื“ื” ื˜ืœืžื•ืจ, ื—ื“ื•ื” ืœื™ื‘ื ื”, ื™ื’ืืœ ื‘ืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ื™ื’ืืœ ืขืžืจื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืจื™ื™ืก, ื™ื•ืจื ื”ื“ืจ, ืœืื” ืžืื™ืจื™, ืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืฆืจ, ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืจ, ื ืขืžื™ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ, ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื˜ืœืจ, ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืจ-ื–ื›ืื™, ืขื ืช ืงื™ื ืŸ, ืคืœื™ืงืก ืืฉื“, ืฆื‘ื™ ืชื“ืžื•ืจ, ืจื‘ืงื” ืกืงื’ื™ื•, ืจื—ืœื™ ืจื•ื’ืœ, ืฆื™ืœื” ื‘ืจืŸ, ืฉื•ืฉื™ ื—ืžื™ืืœ, ืฉื™ ืžืื™ืจื™, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื ื™, ืฉืจื” ืกื•ืจื™ื

ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช

ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–

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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจ"ืŸ, 1890, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ื ืงื™ืŸ.

ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืช 'ื“ื•ืจืืŸ' ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื.

ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืกื•ื—ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืชื•ืจื›ื™ ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื’ื•ื“ืช 'ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื ื—ืœื”' ื”ื•ื•ืจืฉืื™ืช ื ืงื ืชื” ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื‘-ื–' ื‘ืื“ืจ ืชืจ"ืŸ ื ื—ืชื ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืจื›ื™ืฉื”. ื‘ื™"ื“ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื ืขืจืš ื˜ืงืก ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ื”ืฉื 'ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช' ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคืกื•ืง: "ื›ื™ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื”' ืœื ื• ื•ืคืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ" ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื•, ื›"ื‘.

ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1898, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื›ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1908 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื™ืžืŸ. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื ื™ืืœื™, ืฉืœื™ื— ื"ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขื–ืจื™ื”ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ื”.

ื‘ื•ืื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช  ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘  ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืงืฉื” ืืš ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขื“ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.

ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื  ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื™"ื ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ืชืฉื™"ื, 1950, ื”ืคื›ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืจ  ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ: ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืœื—ื•"ืœ.

ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจ, ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืจืช ืืช ืขื‘ืจื” ื›ืขืจืš ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช  ื•ืžืฉืขืจื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.

ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื  ื›-140,000 ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื™ืฉื” ื•ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.

ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื” ืจื™ืฉื•ื: ืžืจืื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื,1891 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืงืœืžืŸ ื•ื—ื ื” (ื”ื ื™ื”) ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื•ื‘, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ