ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื
ื“ืœื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืฆ'ืงื• ืฆื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืฆืณืงื• ื‘ืงืœืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ ื—ืณ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืจืคืดื—, 27/5/1928. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉืข, ืขืœื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ืดืื•ื”ืœ-ืฉืืด ื‘ืจืžืช-ื’ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืชื” ืœืžื“ื” ื’ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื”ื‘ื”. ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื‘ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืดื”ื”ื’ื ื”ืด ื•ื ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื‘ืดืœื™ืœ ื•ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืด ืœื—ื ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืคื•ืœื“ ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื”, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ,ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืœื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื•ืจืฆื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืชืื•ืžื™,ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืื•ืžื™- ืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”ืดืœ ื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ 33 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ 35; ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืดืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืด ื‘ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื˜ื ื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ืขืงื•ื‘ ืžื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื™ืก ืคืืœื•ื’ืณื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืฉืจืช ื›ืžืฉืดืง ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืžืฅ. ืžืฉื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื“ืœื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื”, ื‘ืช ื›ื™ืชืชื•, ื‘-5/7/49, ื—ื–ืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-1956 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืดืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉืด ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื ื”ืœืœ - ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™, ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื”ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœื•ื™ื ืกืงื™. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ืกื“ ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ื“ืกืื™ื ืฉืœื™ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื™ืžื“ ืกืคืจื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื›ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1969-1971 ื™ืฆื ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืจืช ืคืจื• ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืฉื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืดืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืœื•ืด ,ื‘ื• ืœืžื“ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”- ื›ืืœืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ื ื“ืกืื™ื , ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืขื‘ื“ 32 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฆืืชื• ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ 1995. ืฆื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืืœ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื•, ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ,ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืฆื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืืœ , ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช , ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”ืดืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืด ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืž-2 ืด , ืกื™ืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืฆื™, ื‘ืดืงืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื•ืชืด ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ ืดืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืœื™ืœื”ืด ืกื™ืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื” ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ืฆื‘ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืžื“ื•ืจ ื‘"ืžื•ืกืฃ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื‘ื• ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืื•ืกื˜ืจ-ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืž.ื ื™ื•ืžืŸ. ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ,ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ื•ื›ื›ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืขืกืง ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขื ืคื”: ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืชืœ- ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื ืง ืžืกื“ ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืฆื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืจืจ. ืกืคืจื™ื•: ื›ืชืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ( ืชืดื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœืดืฃ ) 1967, ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ื”ืจ ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ( ืชืดื. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœืดืฃ ) 1968, ื ื“ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื‘ ( ืชืดื. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืืœืดืฃ ) 1972, ื ื•ื›ื— ืฉืคืชื™ ืขื™ื ื™ืš ( ืชืดื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขืงื“ ) 1973, ืงื• ื”ืฆืœ ( ืชืดื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขืงื“ ) 1976, ืืชืš ื•ืขื ื”ืจื•ื— ( ืชืดื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ) 2000, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ืจื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ืš (ืชืดื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ) 2009. ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ื™ืืœ: ื—ื˜ื™ื”, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช 1950, ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื™ืœื™ื“ 1960. ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ื™ืืœ, ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื•ืกืชื ืื™ ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื”,ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจ: ื™ื—ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ , ืขืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ- ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื“ืœื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929, ืœื‘ื•ืกืชื ืื™ ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื™ื’ืœืจ. ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืดืชืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืื•ืด. ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื,ืขืงื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื‘ื™ื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื”ื ืงืฉืจื” ืงืฉืจื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื™ื, ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ืด ืื•ื”ืœ-ืฉื ืด ื‘ืจืžืช- ื’ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืชื” ืœืžื“ ื’ื ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื ื™ืฆืชื” ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืœืฆื”ืดืœ. ื“ืœื™ื” ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืžืคืงื“ืช ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ. ื›ืฉื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœืฆื‘ื™ , ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื ื”ืœืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™, ืฉื ืœื™ืžื“ื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืขืœื• ืžืžืจื•ืงื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืดืจืžื–ืด ื‘ื ื”ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ,ื›ืžื—ื ื›ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื. ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืดื”ื›ืจืžืœืด ,ืœื™ืžื™ื ืดื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื™ืด, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื” ื—ืœืง ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื ื ื™ื, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืดื’ืจืฅืด ื•ืชืจืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืกื•. ื›ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื” ,ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช , ืœืœื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืจืช ืคืจื•, ื™ื™ืกื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืดืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืœื•ืด , ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ืดื ,ืฉืขืœื• ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื“ืœื™ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืขืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกืคืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”. ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืชื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืดื™ื—ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘" ,ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืดืงื•ื•ื™ืืด. ื”ืกื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” (1865-1909) ืขืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช (ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”) ื‘-1886. ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืืฆื ืœืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืžืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ ืกืคืจื“ - ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืฉืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืœื“ื•. ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืืœื™ืื ืก". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืฉื ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืจื‘ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื™ื™ืžืŸ, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, 1874-1961. ืจื‘ืงื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืืจืฅ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘-1882. ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ืคืจืฅ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืฉืคืจื” ืคืจื™ื™ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1895 ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืœื™ืคื•, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘-1907, ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง, ื‘ืจื—' ืจื•ืงื— 2 ืคื™ื ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ 35. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืงื ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ. ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจืช ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื™ืฆืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื‘ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™. ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง ื—ื“ืจ ืœืกื•ืคืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืขืœื” ืื– ืืจืฆื”, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฆ'ืืฆ'ืงืก, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื–ื”. ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืื’ื•ื“ืช "ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช", ืืš ืฉืœืžื” ื—ืœื” ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ 44, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื˜ืงืก ื”ื’ืจืœืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ืคื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืืœืžื ื” ื•ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“, ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืจื‘ืงื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื™ื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ืจื‘ืงื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ื ืฉืืจื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ื• ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื”ื’ืจืœืช ื”ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ 20. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1917, ืฉื ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื, ืขื‘ืจื” ืจื‘ืงื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืขื‘ืจื• ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืœืจื—' ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 15, ืฉื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื– ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืžื, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจืชื™ืข ืืช ืจื‘ืงื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืฉืื• ื•ื’ืจื• ื‘ื• ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื™ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื: ืจืคืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื—ืœ, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืžื™ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืกืชื ืื™ ื™ืขืœ, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื ืจ ืืœื™ืฉื‘ืข, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืจื™ื’ืจ ืื‘ื ืจ ืขืœื™ื–ื”, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•ื™ ืจืคืืœ ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” (1893-1977) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืจืคืืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืชื ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 16, ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืคื• ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื–ืจืช ืืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœื’ื“ื•ื“ ื ื”ื’ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื ืฉืœื— ืœื’ืœื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื ืคืฆืข ืฉื ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื. ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื ืžืคืฆื™ืขืชื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืื ืฉื™ ื ื™ืœ"ื™ ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ืฉืง, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื–ืจ ืจืคืืœ ืœืืจืฅ, ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืœืฉื›ืช "ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื" ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940 ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืžืฉื’ื‘ ืœื“ืš". ื‘-1948 ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืฉืง ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื”. ืจืคืืœ ื”ืชืžื ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ื™ืงื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ "ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ืœ" - ื›ืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœื•. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 23, ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืจืคืืœ ืืช ืžืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื ื”ื•ืœืฅ, ื‘ืช ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆื™ื™ืจืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช, ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ", ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื”ื•ื’ืœืชื” ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื ืชื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™. ืจืคืืœ ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ื—ื“ ื’ื“ื™ื", ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ื”ื ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื•. ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช: ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฆืคืจื•ื ื™, ื•ืื•ืจื”, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืืœืกื•ืŸ. ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืจื ืกื” ืžืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ื™ืง. ื”ื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘-1982. ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• ื ืฉื ืจืคืืœ ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืขื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ืœื™ื˜ื. ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืฆ"ืœ ื•ื ืืกืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”. ืจื—ืœ ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื”, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืžื™, (1987-1895) ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” "ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”" ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ืฉื—ืœื” ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ื ืกืข ืขื ืื™ืžื” ืœื”ืชืจืคื, ืจื—ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืช 13. ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืขื•ืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื—ื™ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืจื—ืœ ื ื™ืฉืื” ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืžื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืœ"ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื ื ืกืขื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”. ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืจื—ืœ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืœืืจืฅ, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” (ื“ื•ื“ ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” "ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”"). ืœืจื—ืœ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืช, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ื ื“ื‘ื™ื”, ื ื’ื” ื•ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘. ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” (1898-1958), ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ืฆื“ืง. ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” "ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉืœื— ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืืžื• ืœืคืจื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืœ"ื™ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ื’ื–ื‘ืจ ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื”ืงืจืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื”ืงื™ื ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1935 ืขื‘ืจ ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘
ืœืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื: ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1875 - ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2010
ืฉื ืืœื‘ื•ื: ื“ืœื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืœืขืคื™ื” ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืื‘ื™ืืœ
ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ: ื™ื•ืœื™ 2014
ืงื•ื“ ืืœื‘ื•ื: 5000.0570
ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฉ 0 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™
ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื”