ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง

ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ 'ื’ื ื–ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื' ื ื˜ืœ ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง. ื”ืžื™ื–ื 'ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ' ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื• ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2015 ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื›ืžื” ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ  ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืจื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืจื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ ืฉื ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื 'ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื”' โ€“  ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืจืชืง ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืœื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื, ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื ืš ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืจืชืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื”, ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกื“, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืคืขืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ืœืฆื“ ืžืคืขืœื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื”, ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.

ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ

go to next item
go to prev item

19 ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“

ื ืžืฆืื• 0 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื”
ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–

ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ

ื“ื•ื“ ืกืงื•ืœืกืงื™โ€“ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ 'ื’ื ื–ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื', ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžืงื“ื ื•ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ

ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื” ืงื•ืคืžืŸโ€“ ืจื›ื–ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื–ื 'ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ' ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœืชืจโ€“ ืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื

ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื

ื ืขืžื™ ื”ื•ืฆืœืจ, ืจื‘ืงื” ืœื™ืงื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืง, ื—ื•ื” ืœื ื“ืื•, ืจื—ืœ ืกืœืจ, ืืกืชืจ ืกืงื•ืœืกืงื™, ื‘ืจื›ื” ืคืจืœืžื•ื˜ืจ, ืคื ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ื˜ืจื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ืจื—ืœ ืงืžื™ื ืจ, ืจื—ืœ ืงืจืกื™ืื ืกืงื™, ืืกืชืจ ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜

ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช

ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–

go to next item
go to prev item

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืื“ืžืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924 ื”ื•ืงื ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื’ืจืฉื ื˜ืงื•ืจืŸ. ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฆืื” ืœื“ืจืš ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืกืœืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื• ื‘ืชื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืจืชืขื• ืžื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžืคืขืœื™ ืืจื™ื’ื” ื•ื˜ื›ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ืขื• ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื•ื ื™ื‘ื ื• ืจืคืชื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคืงื• ืคืจื ืกื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ื”ื•ื›ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื›ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืกื—ืจืจ, ื•ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืŸ. ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื”ื ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืจืื ืขืœ ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืชื ืื™ื, ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื’ืื•ื•ืชื” ื•ืชืคืืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืฆื“ 'ื—ื“ืจ', ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื  ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืฉืคืจื ืกื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื  ืฉืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืงื‘ืข ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.

ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1924, ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืจืค"ื”, ื ืฉื›ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื, ื”ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.

ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื›ื ื• ื•ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืื“ืžื•"ืจื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ืงืข ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืžืžื”. ืขืžื“ื” ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ืจืกื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื ืฉืชืœื• ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ  ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ืฉืืจื™ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืœืคื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืืฃ ืžื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช.

ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืš ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื’ื ื›ืขื™ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ื—ืกื“ ื•ื ืชื™ื ื”. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื—ืกื“ ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืงืฆืจื” ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืžืœืคืจื˜ื, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš.  ืœืฆื“ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื’ืž"ื—ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื  ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืžืžื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ืž"ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ื’ืž"ื— ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื’ืž"ื— ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื’ืž"ื— ืœืคืจื—ื™ื ืœื›ืœื”, ื’ืž"ื— ืขืจื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื’ืž"ื— ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืื™ื ื”ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื—ืžืžืช ื›ืœ ืœื‘.

ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืœืžืชื—ื ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืงืœื”, ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ื’ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืžืคืืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืขื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—ื.

ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง โ€“ ืขื™ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉืžื”, ืขื™ืจ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”, ื‘ื’ืฉื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—.

ืืคื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง, 1974 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ