ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ-ืขืชืœื™ืช

ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืขืชืœื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื—ื’ื’ื” ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ 110 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื”, ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื”. ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ- ืคืจื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื- ืฉื ืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ ืขืชืœื™ืช, ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื; ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืขืชืœื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.

ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ

ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื™ืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ,ืขืชืœื™ืช
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืฉื•ื ื™
ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 'ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื' ืขืชืœื™ืช
ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื ืงื ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืก ื‘ืขืช ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช
ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืชืœื™ืช
ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื
ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื”
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ืืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™
ืฉื™ื™ื™ื ื“ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ื’ืœืจ
ืื•ืจื” ืจืงื•ื‘, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ืขืชืœื™ืช
ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช
ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช
ืื•ื”ืœื™ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—
ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ืจื•ืก ืฉืœ ื˜ื—ื ืช ื”ืžืœื— ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช
ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื
ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื˜ื™ืคืช ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ืžืขืชืœื™ืช
ืื•ืจื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ืขืชืœื™ืช
ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืจื™ืžืช ืžืœื— ื‘ืื™ืœืช.
ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช
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ืœืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืœื

4 ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“

ื ืžืฆืื• 0 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื”
ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–

ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ

ืฉื•ืœื™ ืœื™ื ื“ืจ ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™

ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื

 

ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื“ืขืช

ื™ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“

ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื

ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืขืชืœื™ืช ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1903, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1899. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืกื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฃ- ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืžื“ื’ืจื” ืœื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช- ื•ืžื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906 ืขื‘ืจื• ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1910 ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืื”ืจื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืชืจืช ื ื™ืœ"ื™. ืฉื“ืจืช ื“ืงืœื™ ื”ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.

 

ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” 'ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช' ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขื•ื’ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ืœืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ื ื•ืกืคื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืจืฆืฃ ืžืคืขืœื™ ืžืœื— ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืจืฅ ืขืชืœื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื–ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™ื“ื•ื™ ืžื™ ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืงืช ืžืœื—.

ืœืื—ืจ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงืœื˜ื” ืขืชืœื™ืช ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช  ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.  ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ.

ืชืฆืœื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืชืœื™ืช, 16 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1944 ืืœื‘ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ-ืขืชืœื™ืช, ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ