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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคื•ื˜ื•(ื‘)ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

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ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ื“ืคื“ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ

ื ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื›ืœื™ืคื

ืžื—ื•ื– ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืืจื›ื™ื‘, ืžืงื•ื ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืชื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื, ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื
ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืืš ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืฆื•ื’ื”, ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœ
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ,
ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืชื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ืฉืžื™, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-02 ,
ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” 'ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ', ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื
ื•ืืช ื—ืงืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื–ื 'ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ', ืžืคืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“
ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื›ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช, ืœื ืจืฉืžื™ืช.
ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘, ื ื—ืงืจ ื•ื ืืฆืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆืœืžื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉื”ื ืฆื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื˜ืจื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช
ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช
ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืกืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืืจื– ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉื ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœ
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืกืชืจ ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื
ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื ื”ื ืชื•ืคืขื”
ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชืŸ: ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-91
ืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืชื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ; ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
ืฉืœ ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืืคืฉืจื” ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืชืŸ
ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
ื—ืงืจ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื“ืื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื™ ืจื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™
ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื: ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช: ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ืขื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™; ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืฆื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ืช 'ืคื•ื–ื•ืช' ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืช ืื—ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ
ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืื™ื“ืืœ. ื”ื“ืคื“ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืžื‘ื˜
ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
ื”ืกื•ืคืจืช ื“ึผื•ื‘ืจึธื‘ึฐืงึธื” ืึผื•ื’ืจึตืฉื™ืฅ' (Ugreลกiฤ‡ Dubravka) ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื”
ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื ืชื ืื™ : 'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™
ืกืคืง: ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื’ืฉืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™'. 1ื“' ืื•ื’ืจืฉื™ืฅ', ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื ืชื ืื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2009 ,ืขืž' 45.
ืžื™ ืฉืืกืฃ ื•ืฉืžืจ, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื, ืจื™ื›ื– ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•: ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช,
ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื, ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืคืชืงื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ืื™. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, 'ืื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ' ื”ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžืื•ื•ื™ื
ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20.
ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืขืœื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข,
ืžื”ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืจืงืขื™ื,
ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช, ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช? ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขื ื— ืžื”ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืžืฉืžืจืช ื ืฆื— ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื›ืœื•ืœ. ื”ืฉืœื‘
ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ืขื” ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืžืจืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืืงืจืื™
ืœืœื ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื, ืžืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืžื™ื“ืขื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื ืื—ืช ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ืื™ืฉื™ ืื• ืืžื ื•ืชื™.
ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื ืชืคืกื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืืœื™. ืื™ื›ื•ืชื,
ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื”, ื•ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ืฉื™
ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื ืื• ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื”
ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ืฉื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื ื ืกืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื.
ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ 'ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื' ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื•ื“ืื™
ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช. ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช
ืืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ ื›ืžื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื˜ืคืœ
ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช 'ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื”' ื”ืžืœืžื“ ื•ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืข, ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื”.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืžื™ื›ืืœื” (ื‘ื•ื ื™ืŸ) ื•ืืจื™ื” ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืขื•ื’ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ื‘ืจืงืข ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืจืฆืœ, ืžืœื•ืŸ 'ืคื™ืชื•ื—' ื‘ืจืขื ื ื”, 1960, ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื™ื›ืืœื” ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, ืจืขื ื ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ืช ื”ื ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื ืกืงื™,ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื ืกืงื™ึพื’ื•ื ืŸ, 1942, ืจืขื ื ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืคืกื™ื” ืคืจืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘,1931, ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคืจืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื”

ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืขืจื™ื ื ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ

ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 .ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ- ืฆื‘ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
ืฉืžืงืฆืชื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืชืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื ื–ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ
ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™
ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื
ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™: ื’ื ืื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืกืง ื‘ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™,
ื›ืื™ื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”
ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืขืจืžืช ื—ืฆื™ืจ ืขื ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื. 2ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื’'ื•ื ื™, ื“ื’ื ื™ื”, 1912.
ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืจืขื ืŸ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื—ื‘ืื• ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช
ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืกืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™
ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื–ืจื•ื ืžื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื•ืžื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ื•ืช. ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ
ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืกืจื™ืงื” ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 0220 ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ
ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ 'ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ' ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. 3ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ.
ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ
ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ 120 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื”ืœ ืžืฉื” ืืœืคื™ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื•
ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ,ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœืŸ ืืœ
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ: ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ (ื”ื ื—ืœืื•ืช) ื•ืžืฉื ืืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช
ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื 'ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ืŸ' ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•
ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ืฉ, ืžืขื‘ืจ
ืœื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื”, ื’ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื”. 4ื ' ืฉืœื•-ื›ืœื™ืคื ื•ื“' ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ "ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ืŸ โ€“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื”ืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืืจื™ืืœ .2005 ,(169)

'ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ืŸ' ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืื•ืฆืจืช: ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ืขื•ืคืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ, ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืช 'ืขื“ืŸ'

ื‘ืฉื ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืื” ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื•ืœืžืกื“ื•. ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-
ื™ืคื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ื–ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืื’ืจ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืื™ ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืžื™ื–ื 'ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื’ืœื™ืช
ืœืขื™ืŸ' ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘
ื•ืขืฉืจื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ. 5ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืจืื•: ื ' ืฉืœื• ื›ืœื™ืคื, "ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™- ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™", ืžื•ืชืจ (19-20),ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2012.ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืื” ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘-0292 ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœืื’ืฃ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื–ื•ื: ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™.
ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื-ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ,
ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืชื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื–ื
ืœ'ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ' ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช 'ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช' ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
ื•ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื•ื—ื.
ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื”ื•ืฉืง ืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื›ื– ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
www.israelalbum.org.il ื•ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ, ืขื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคืจื‘ืจ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื™ืคื•
ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื, ื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”
ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืงืžืชื”, 1909 ,ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 :ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ืจื—ื™ื
โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื”ื ืืช ื’ืจืกืชื ืœืžืกืจื™ื ื•ืœืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื›-600 ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 .ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010
ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง) ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. 6ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื ืืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื•, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ื”ื˜ื—ื ื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืขืช-ืžื•ืœ, ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืžืกื›ื ืืช ืžื™ื–ื 'ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ:' ื ' ืฉืœื• ื›ืœื™ืคื ื•ืจ' ื’ืคื ื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขืช-ืžื•ืœ, 204 (ืžืื™ 2009)
ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื“ืช ื•ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืคื ื”, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช
ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื. ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ืชืืจื• ืืœืฃ ืžืœื™ื: ืžืจืื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ื—
ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืงื˜ืขื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™; ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื˜ื™;
ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช; ืชืงืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื—ื’ ื•ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ; ื”ืกื“ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ
ืžืœืื›ื”; ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืชืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื— โ€“ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืื• ื‘ืืงืจืื™ โ€“ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืจืงืข ืื•
ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื
ื•ืœืืชืจื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืจืงืข ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™. ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื—ืฉืคื”
ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืืชืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื“
ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืจืงืข ืœื—ื™ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”: ืžืขืงื” ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืœืช, ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื›ืจ
ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืฉืคืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืŸ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคืจืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืจืฆ"ื 1931, ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคืจืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื˜ืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืขืœื”: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื’ื•ืจื•ื“ืกืงื™, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื™ืœื“ื ื”ื•ืจืŸ, ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืžื™ืœื” ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ืก, ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, 1929, ื‘ื’ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื›ืชื‘: "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘!", ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื’ื•ืจื•ื“ืกืงื™ึพื’ื™ืœื“ื ื”ื•ืจืŸึพืจื’ื‘, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื˜ื”: ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ืจืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืกื•ืœืœื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, 1931, ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื—ืจืžื•ื ื™, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘- ื™ืคื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื•ืื”ืœ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘, 1931, ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื•ื•ืื”ืœ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ, ืชืœึพืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ

ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืขืจื™ื ื ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืงื ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื”
ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืกืงื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื• ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ
ืืช ืžืœื•ื ืงืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ (ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜) ื‘ืขืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืงืคื• ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืš ื’ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ,ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฆื ืข
ื•ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื”, ืืš ื”ืžืื’ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ,ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืืกื•ืฃ
ื•ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื
ืœื›ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื
ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื:
ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1949 ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ 'ื—ืœืกื”'. ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•
ืžืชื™ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืืœืคื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืื™ืจืืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืขื–ืจื
ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื”". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื™ื™ืช
ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€ฆ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืกื”
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 3000 ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืื•ื”ืœื™ื
ื•ื‘ืคื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืฆื‘ื”, ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคืจื ืกื”. ืืš
ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืœื ืฉื‘ืจื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืœื’ื•ืจ
ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉโ€ฆ ืืœื ืฉืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื‘ืœื”
ืžืžืชื— ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืขื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืคื’ื–ืช
ื‘ืžื˜ื—ื™ ืงื˜ื™ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืกืคื’ื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ. 7ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”: www.israelalbum.org.il
ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ
ื”ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”. ืืœื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืžืกื“ ืื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช
ืฉืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืžืืžืจื• 'ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช':
ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืจืืฉ. "ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ
ืื•ืžืฆื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ื ืืœื”". 8ืืœื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, "ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื: ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ, ืืกืชืจ ืžืื™ืจ- ื’ืœื™ืฆื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื“ืŸ 24 ,ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2009 ,ืขืž' 382.
ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ืคืขื™ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90 ื”ื—ืœื” ื™ื•ื–ืžื”
ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ื“ ื—ืœืกื”, ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ื”ืžืกื•ืคืจ
ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข. ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื”ื ืžืคืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืื’ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ
ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื›ืขื™ืจ ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ืžื—ื“ ื’ื™ืกื, ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ
ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื. ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœืชืฆืœื•ืžื™
ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื? ืžื”ื• ื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”?
ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื•ื ืŸ 9ืืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื 2800-0013ื ืฉืงืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ,ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช
ืžื—ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืฆืื ื‘ื˜ื ื’'ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืจื•ืงื•. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืขื‘ืจืช ื—ืœืกื” ื‘-1956 ื•ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื
ืžืฆื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืฆื™ ืงืœ ื•ืžืจื•ืฉืœ, ืžื™ื•ื–ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืงื•ืคื—ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจืช ื”ื ื™ื›ืจืช
ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื, ืฉืžื‘ืขื“ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืจืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™
ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 .ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืชืฆืœื•ื
ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืื•ื ื’'ื•ื ื™ (ื“ื’ื ื™ื”), ืฉืฆื™ืœื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ื‘-1956 .ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™
ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžืจืื” ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ: ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื’ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื, ืœืžืจืื, ืœื›ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
ื•ื”ื”ืจื•ืื™ื•ืช ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฆืจื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ื• ื•ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืชื•.
ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื ืชืŸ ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”ื• 'ื›ื ืจืช, ื›ื ืจืช'. 10ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื”: ืคื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“, ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™, ืžื›ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœ"ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช": ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2009 ,ืขืž' 30-31.
ื•ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ื ืงืฉืจื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื•ื ืŸ: ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืžืกื•ื“ื™, ื”ืื ืจื—ืœ ื•ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื“' ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, 1964, ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžื›ืœื•ืฃ ื“ื”ืŸ, ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’"ื, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, 1960, ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ืฉืŸ, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืชืžื•ื ื”

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆืจื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืืœื ืื™ืœื•ืฅ ืฉื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื— ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืžืœ
ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื”. ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื•
ืžืชืขื“ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืคืฉืจ
ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื—ืœ ื™ื ืื™ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘-1955 ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ื“ื‘ืจ'. ืจื—ืœ ื™ื ืื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื
ื•ืฉื™ืœื—ื” ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืœื•ื ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื›ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื’ื‘ 11ืžืื‘ื™ื‘ 1953 ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืจื—ืœ ื™ื ืื™ืช, ืฉื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื 11 ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืžืœ ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช.,
ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช:
ื”ืœื•ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื”ืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ, ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื“ืœ ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื›ืœ ืจื•ื—,
ื“ื•ืœืฃ, ืžื™ื˜ื” ืจืขื•ืขื” ื•ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงืฉื” โ€“ ื•ืœื ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ื ื™ืžืช ืขืฆื‘; ื”ืื•ืจ ื–ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•,
ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืงืขื” ืžืชื•ื›ื•, ืžื” ื’ืื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘
12ืืœื—ื ื ื™, ื.ื—., 'ื”ืจื‘ื• ืื•ืจ! ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื', ื“ื‘ืจ, 23.1.1955 ,ืขืž' 2.ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฉื›ืœื ื• ืœื˜ืขืช ื‘ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืžื•ืœื“ืช, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœืฆื•ืžื—.
ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ, ื”ืžืฉื›ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ืื•ื—ื– ืืช ื”ืžื’ืจืคื” ื•ื”ืžืขื“ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืขืกืง
ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืœืื›ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš ืžืชืžืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืขืžืœ, ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉื”
ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื›ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื: ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื
13ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011. ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ, ื˜ื™ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืชืœืžื“ื™ื, ืชื•ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืงื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืคืขืœ 'ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ',

ืฉืžืฆื•ืงื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื”. ื’ื ื‘ืฆืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื
ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช. ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื’ื ืื ืจืืฉื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”
ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืจื—, , ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ืช,
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื” โ€“ ื™ื“ื ื”ืื—ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉืœื—.
ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื ืชืคืก ื›ืขืจื›ื™: ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืจ, ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื”; ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”
ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 14ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.,
ื ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจืขื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ืชื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ
ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ืงืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ืืœื” ืื•ืžืฆื•
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื• ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ืœื™ ื ื•ื™, ืœืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืœื›ืจื–ื•ืช
ืœืฆื“ ื”ืจืงืขื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืจืงืขื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืืชืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช. 15ื ' ื›ื ืขืŸ-ืงื“ืจ, ืืจืฅ ื—ืคืฅ, ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ- ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™,ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2006
ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืœื ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ืืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ืื’ ื‘ืชืœ ื—ื™, ืืชืจ ืžืฆื“ื”,
ื•ืงื“ื ืœื”ื ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ืžืขื˜ ืคืกืœ 'ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื”' ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ื•ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช
ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช
ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ืกืคื™ื”, 1969 ,ืืœื‘ื•ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื™ืคืช, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืžื—ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ60 ,ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™-ื“ืชื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืœืชืœ ื—ื™, ืžืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื ืขืžื™ ื•ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ื‘ื ื™ , ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ื“ืคื“ื•ืฃ ื•ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ
ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื: ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”; ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช;
ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ; ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื—
ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ
ื“ืคื™ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคืช.

ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื:
1
ื“' ืื•ื’ืจืฉื™ืฅ', ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœืœื ืชื ืื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ 2009 ,ืขืž' 45.
2
ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื’'ื•ื ื™, ื“ื’ื ื™ื”, 1912.ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ.ื ' ืฉืœื•-ื›ืœื™ืคื ื•ื“' ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ "ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ืŸ โ€“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื”ืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืืจื™ืืœ .2005 ,(169)
3
ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื’'ื•ื ื™, ื“ื’ื ื™ื”, 1912.ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ.ื ' ืฉืœื•-ื›ืœื™ืคื ื•ื“' ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ "ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ืŸ โ€“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื”ืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืืจื™ืืœ .2005 ,(169)
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ืจืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืกื•ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ื ื’'ื•ื ื™, ื“ื’ื ื™ื”, 1912.ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ืงื•ื˜ืœืจ.ื ' ืฉืœื•-ื›ืœื™ืคื ื•ื“' ืื‘ื™ ื“ืŸ "ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ืŸ โ€“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื”ืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", ืืจื™ืืœ .2005 ,(169)
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ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืจืื•: ื ' ืฉืœื• ื›ืœื™ืคื, "ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™- ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™", ืžื•ืชืจ (19-20),ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2012.ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืื” ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘-0292 ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœืื’ืฃ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื–ื•ื: ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™.ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื ืืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื•, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ื”ื˜ื—ื ื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืขืช-ืžื•ืœ, ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืžืกื›ื ืืช ืžื™ื–ื 'ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ:' ื ' ืฉืœื• ื›ืœื™ืคื ื•ืจ' ื’ืคื ื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขืช-ืžื•ืœ, 204 (ืžืื™ 2009)
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ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืจืื•: ื ' ืฉืœื• ื›ืœื™ืคื, "ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™- ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™", ืžื•ืชืจ (19-20),ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2012.ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืœืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืื” ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘-0292 ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœืื’ืฃ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช. ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื–ื•ื: ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™.ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื ืืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื•, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ื”ื˜ื—ื ื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ืขืช-ืžื•ืœ, ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืžืกื›ื ืืช ืžื™ื–ื 'ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ:' ื ' ืฉืœื• ื›ืœื™ืคื ื•ืจ' ื’ืคื ื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขืช-ืžื•ืœ, 204 (ืžืื™ 2009)
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ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”: www.israelalbum.org.ilืืœื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, "ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื: ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ, ืืกืชืจ ืžืื™ืจ- ื’ืœื™ืฆื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื“ืŸ 24 ,ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2009 ,ืขืž' 382.ืืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื 2800-0013ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื”: ืคื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“, ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™, ืžื›ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœ"ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช": ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2009 ,ืขืž' 30-31.
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ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”: www.israelalbum.org.ilืืœื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, "ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื: ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ, ืืกืชืจ ืžืื™ืจ- ื’ืœื™ืฆื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื“ืŸ 24 ,ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2009 ,ืขืž' 382.ืืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื 2800-0013ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื”: ืคื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“, ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™, ืžื›ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœ"ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช": ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2009 ,ืขืž' 30-31.
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ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”: www.israelalbum.org.ilืืœื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, "ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื: ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ, ืืกืชืจ ืžืื™ืจ- ื’ืœื™ืฆื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื“ืŸ 24 ,ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2009 ,ืขืž' 382.ืืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื 2800-0013ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื”: ืคื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“, ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™, ืžื›ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœ"ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช": ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2009 ,ืขืž' 30-31.
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ื“ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”: www.israelalbum.org.ilืืœื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื, "ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ืขืจื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื: ืฆื‘ื™ ืฆืžืจืช, ืื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ, ืืกืชืจ ืžืื™ืจ- ื’ืœื™ืฆื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื™ื“ืŸ 24 ,ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2009 ,ืขืž' 382.ืืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืจื—ืœ ื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื 2800-0013ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื”: ืคื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“, ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™, ืžื›ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœ"ืคื•ื ื“ืง ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช": ืืœืชืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2009 ,ืขืž' 30-31.
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ืžืื‘ื™ื‘ 1953 ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืจื—ืœ ื™ื ืื™ืช, ืฉื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื 11 ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืžืœ ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช.ืืœื—ื ื ื™, ื.ื—., 'ื”ืจื‘ื• ืื•ืจ! ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื', ื“ื‘ืจ, 23.1.1955 ,ืขืž' 2.ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011.
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ืžืื‘ื™ื‘ 1953 ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืจื—ืœ ื™ื ืื™ืช, ืฉื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื 11 ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืžืœ ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช.ืืœื—ื ื ื™, ื.ื—., 'ื”ืจื‘ื• ืื•ืจ! ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื', ื“ื‘ืจ, 23.1.1955 ,ืขืž' 2.ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011.
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ืžืื‘ื™ื‘ 1953 ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ืคื™ ืขืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืจื—ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืจื—ืœ ื™ื ืื™ืช, ืฉื’ืจืกื” ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื 11 ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืžืœ ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช.ืืœื—ื ื ื™, ื.ื—., 'ื”ืจื‘ื• ืื•ืจ! ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื', ื“ื‘ืจ, 23.1.1955 ,ืขืž' 2.ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011.
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ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.ื ' ื›ื ืขืŸ-ืงื“ืจ, ืืจืฅ ื—ืคืฅ, ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ- ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™,ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2006
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ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ.ื ' ื›ื ืขืŸ-ืงื“ืจ, ืืจืฅ ื—ืคืฅ, ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ- ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™,ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2006