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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืš

ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”-22.2.1948, ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื“ื•ื“ืชื™ (ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื), ืžื—ื“ืจื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง", ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืฆ"ื•, ืฉืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื˜ืช ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืขืฆืจื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืกื ื“ืœืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ืจื ืคืœื“,  ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืืช ื ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื” (ื”ืื—ื•ืช, ื–ืœืžื” ืžืื™ืจ). ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื”, ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื-ืขืจื™ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ-ืงืื“ืจ ืืœ-ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื™ื ืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขื– ื”ื—ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืžื—ื•ื’ื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘"ื‘ื™ืช ื˜ืœื™ืชื ืงื•ืžื™", ื ืขืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขื”  6.29, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื ืงื˜ืคื• ื›ื”ืจืฃ ืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ืชื•ืคืช ืจื‘-ื ืคื’ืขื™ื. ื‘ืชื™ื ื ื”ืจืกื•, ื›-50 ืื™ืฉ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-140 ื ืคืฆืขื•. ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื ืคื’ืขื” ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื•ืžืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง".

ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื” ื ืชืคืกื” ืœื‘ื”ืœื”. ืื—ืช ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืฉื–ื•ื”ืชื” ื›ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื”,  ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื™ืœ ื”ื’ืฉื ืžืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืจื“ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืฆ"ื•. ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืชื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื”, ื›ืฉื“"ืจ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืžืจื’ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื• ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืžืจื” ื•ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื›ืชื”. ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื” ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื’ื ื™ืชื”. ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื” ื’ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 100.

ื‘ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”-25.2.1948, ื ื˜ืžื ื” ื’ื•ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘"ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื", ื‘ื”ืกืชืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื›ื”, ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื. ืžืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื, ืœื ื ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘"ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื", ืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื” ื•ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข.

ื“ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ื›ื—ืช-ื ืคืงื“ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื™ืžื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจื’ื” ื•ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื”, ืฉืกื•ืคืจื• ืžืคื™ ืื‘ื™ (ืื—ื™ื”) ื•ืืžื™, ื™ื“ื™ื“ืชื”. ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื”, ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืžืกืข ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื”. ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉืงื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืœื ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืžื ื•ื— ื•ื›ืžืขืฉื” ืชืฉื‘ืฅ ื‘ืœืฉื™, ืคืจื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื˜, ืื˜, ืื˜, ื ื—ืฉืคื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920, ืขืฉืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื“ืื ื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืžื“ืžืฉืง ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื›ืฉื” ื”ืื ืฉืคืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื—ืฉ ืืจืกื™ ื•ืžืชื”, ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคืขื•ื˜ื™ื: ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื‘ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืขืจืš ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื—ืœืชื” ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื‘ื“ื™ื–ื ื˜ืจื™ื”. ืื‘ื™ื” ืืฉืคื– ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง" ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ืกื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ ืœืงื—ืชื”.

ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” ื•ื•ืืœืš, ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื•, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืื•ืกืคื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืื•ืชื”. ืื•ืœื, ืžื™ ืฉื’ื™ื“ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื”, ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืžืฆื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืงืœื“ืจื•ืŸ.

ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื (ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื), ื›ืชื‘ื” ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง" โ€“ "ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื". ื‘ืกืคืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื•ื•ืืœืš ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื–ืœืžื” ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืžืื•ืžืฆืช. ื“"ืจ ื•ื•ืืœืš ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืœืกืขื•ื“ ืขืžื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื. ืืš, ื ืงื˜ ื›ืœืคื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช-ืคืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืฆื™ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืœื” ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจื”. ื–ืœืžื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืื”ื‘ืช ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืชืžื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช: "ืืžื". ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื”, ืžืชืขื“ื•ืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•. "ื“"ืจ ื•ื•ืืœืš ื•ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื›ืื‘ ื•ื›ืื, ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ื•ืช", ืžืกื›ืžืช ืจื•ืช ืฉืจื.

ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืคืงื—ื™ืช ื•ื™ืคื”, ื•ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื” ืฉืืคื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจื•ื— ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ื•ืฆืกื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื‘ืจืกืœืื•โ€“ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœืœื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืชืืžื• ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”. ื“"ืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืกืœืื• ื•ืฆืกื™, ืžื•ืจื”.

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 8, ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘' ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืจืกืœืื• ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืงื™ืงืช "ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช" ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื”ืจื—ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืงืจื” ืœืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜. ื“"ืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืฉื, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืข"ืฉ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืฉืœ "ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ" ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื” ื‘ื• ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”.

ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื•. ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืกื ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ "ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช" ื•ืœืงื—ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ "ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—", ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”9- ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1938 ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ. ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืœื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”. ืื•ืœื, ื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจ, ื–ืืช ื’ื™ืœืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื™ ืžืจืชืง.

ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ืžืขืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ "ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื—", ื ืฉืœื— ื“"ืจ ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืฉืื•ืœ  ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ื•ืืœื“. ื“"ืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ืฉืจื“ ืืช ืชืœืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื—ืœื”, ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื•. ืฆืกื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื’ื˜ื• ืœื•ื“ื–', ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜,  ื‘-19 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1941 ื•ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื ื ื•ื“ืขื•.

ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื”, ืœืขื•ืžืชื, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืกืชืœืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ "ืžืกืคืจื•ืช" ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžืคืจื ืงืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 38, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื ืจื• ืฉื‘ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉื, ืœื ืžืœ ื‘ื ืืคื•ืœื™. ื‘ื™ื•ื 5 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1938, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ืžืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1936, ืื‘ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ื“ืื ื”. ืื—ื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื ืขื ื” ืœื”ืฆืขืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ืจืก, ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืชืงื• ืืช ื”ืื— ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ืžื–ื•, ื’ืœื’ืœื• ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ืื•ืœื, ืžืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืจืฆื”, ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ื–ื•.

ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื”. ืขื ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืืจืฅ, ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื”, ืžืฆืื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ืกืขื“ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื, ืฉื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืžื™ืœื, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืืจื— ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘-1898. ื‘ืขืฆืชื”, ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืื—ื™ื•ืช-ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืฆ"ื•, ื•ื‘ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ืจื•ื–ื” ื•ื•ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช.

ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื”, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”. ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืžื” ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืื•ืชื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘"ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืกื•ืคื™ื" (ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆ"ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื). ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืืกื•ืคื™ืช" ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื”, ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.

ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืื—ื™ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื” ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื”. 63 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืขืžื•ืชืช ืืœืข"ื“, ืฉืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืกื” ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจื”. ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ื’ืฉืžื ื• ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™.

ืžืืช: ืฉืคืจื” ืœืฉื (ื“ืื ื”)

ืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคืจื” ืขืœื” ืœืืชืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงืจื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ