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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคื•ื˜ื•(ื‘)ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ื›ื™ "ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ืขืœ ืกื•ื›ื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืžืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”

ืฉืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื”ื

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902 ื”ืงื™ื ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” (ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ) ื•ืืœืืš, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืœื™ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื™ืคื•, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉื›ื•ื ืช "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืงืจื "ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง" ืืš ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืœืืš" ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื•, ืžื ื”ืœื• ื•ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืจืืฉื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ืช.

ื“"ืจ ื•ืืœืืš ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืจืžื”: ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืฆืจื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื•ื ืขื™ืœืชืŸ. "ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•" ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.

ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืืœืืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืชื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื•ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ืœืฆื“ื• ืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื–ืœืžื” ("ืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื”") ื”ืžืกื•ืจื”.

ื“"ืจ ื•ืืœืืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื“ื•ืง ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืื—ื“. ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื”ืจื•ืคื ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืืžืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ื”.

ืื•ืจื—ื™ื (ืื•ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืŸ) ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžื”ื•ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืชื—ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” (ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ) ื•ืืœืš, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื, ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™

ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืงื•ืฉื˜ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™: ื—ืคืฆื™ ื ื•ื™ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื ืชืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื”ืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ, ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืคื” ื™ืงืจื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื ืื™ื. ื’ื ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื—ืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ืกื•ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” ื•ืืœืืš, ืžื ื”ืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื“ืง, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” (ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ) ื•ืืœืš, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื, ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™

ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฆืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืืœืืš ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืงืฆืช ืžืื•ืจื—ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืžืจืงืก, ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืื“ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•. ืœืฆื™ื“ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžื™ืก ืื ื™ (ื—ื ื”) ืœื ื“ื•ื™, ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ื•ืœื™ื ื” ื“ื” ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ื•ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื•ืกื˜ืจ ื–ืœืžื”, ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“.

ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื“"ืจ ื•ืืœืืš  ืขื•ืœื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืขื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื”" ื”ืชืจื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืืœืืš ืขืœ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ืŸ ืžืจืงืก ืœืื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืื“ื•ืง ื•ื”ืงืคื“ืŸ! ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืคืจืฉื”? ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืœื ืฉืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโ€ฆ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื–ืœืžื”, ืฉื”ื™ืชื”, ืœืฆื“ ื•ืืœืืš, ืœืื’ื“ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.

ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืืœืš