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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคื•ื˜ื•(ื‘)ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ื, ืžึฐืกื•ึนืจึธืงึดื™ื

ืฉืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื”ื

ื‘ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”
ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื• ืœื—ื•ื“
ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ืื• ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืกืœื™ื
ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
ืขื ืžื—ื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ืื• ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื”
ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืขืœื• ืื‘ืง ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
ื”ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš, ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื”
ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื•ื™ืคื”

ืชืžื•ื ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืชืžืจ, 1981 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ โ€“ ืกื•ื™ืกื”, ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ืืกืชืจ ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืœืžื™ื“ืช ื›ื™ืชื” ืโ€™, ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ โ€ืชืœ ื ื•ืจื“ืื•โ€, 1938 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจืกืงื™, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ืžื™ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื–โ€™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื ื”, 1955 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ืจืขื ื ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช, 1971 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืขืœื•ืช ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
"ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ืขื•ึนืžึฐื“ึดื™ื, ืžึฐืกื•ึนืจึธืงึดื™ื, ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ื”ึทืคึผึฐืจึธื—ึดื™ื,
ืœึฐืคึดื™ ื”ึทื’ึผึนื‘ึทื”ึผ, ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื‘ื•ึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึทื ึผึฐืžื•ึผื›ึดื™ื,
ืžึฐืกึปื“ึผึธืจึดื™ื, ืžึฐืึปืฉึผืึธืจึดื™ื ื•ึผืžึฐื—ึทื™ึผึฐื›ึดื™ื
ื›ึผึฐืึดืœึผื•ึผ ื›ึผึธืœ ืžึทื” ืฉืึถืจึธืื•ึผ ืคึผึนื” ื–ึถื” ืคึผึฐืจึธื—ึดื™ื.
ืขื•ึนืžึตื“ ืฆึทืœึผึธื ื•ึผืžึฐืฆึทืœึผึตื ืึถืช ื”ึทืชึผึฐืžื•ึผื ึธื”
ื‘ึผึฐืื•ึนืจ ื ึธื›ื•ึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึผืึธืขึธื” ื”ึทื ึผึฐื›ื•ึนื ึธื”.
ืื•ึผืฃ, ื–ื•ึผื–ื•ึผ ืงึฐืฆึธืช, ื›ึผึธืืŸ ืœึนื ืจื•ึนืึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึทื’ึผึดื ึผึธื”.
ืขึดืžึฐื“ื•ึผ. ืœึนื, ืฉืึฐื‘ื•ึผ. ื™ึฐืฆึธืืชึถื ืœึดื™ ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืชึผึฐืžื•ึผื ึธื”.
ื—ึทื™ึฐื™ื›ื•ึผ ื™ึธืคึถื”, ืขึดืžึฐื“ึผื•ึผ ื™ึธืฉืึธืจ,
ืจึทืง ืœึนื ืœึดื“ึฐื—ื•ึนืฃ ื‘ึผึฐื‘ึทืงึผึธืฉืึธื”.
ื”ึธืจึนืืฉ ื–ึธืงื•ึผืฃ. ืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ ืœึทืฆึผึธื“.
ืึฒื ึดื™ ื™ึธืคึถื”?
ืึทืชึผึธื” ื ึถื—ึฐืžึธื“.
ื—ึดื™ึผื•ึผืš ืจึธื—ึธื‘. ืขึดืžึฐื“ื•ึผ ื™ึธืฉืึธืจ! ื›ึผึธืš ืึดื™ ืึถืคึฐืฉืึธืจ!
ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืฆึฐืคื•ึผืคึดื™ื, ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ื™ึถืคึดื™ื, ืœึนื ืœึฐื“ึทื‘ึผึตืจ.
ืึทืœ ืชึผึดืชึฐืจึทื’ึผึฐืฉืื•ึผ. ื–ึนืืช ืจึทืง ืชึผึฐืžื•ึผื ึธื” ื•ึฐื–ึถื” ืขื•ึนื‘ึตืจ.
ื‘ึผึทืฆึผึธื“ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ืึฒื ึดื™ ื ึดืจึฐืึถื” ื™ึธืคึถื” ื™ื•ึนืชึผึตืจ?
ื›ึผึปืœึผึธื ื™ึถืฉืึฐื ึธื? ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืขื•ึนื“ ืžึดื™ืฉืึถื”ื•ึผ ื—ึธืกึตืจ?"
(ืœืื” ื ืื•ืจ)
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ืœื•ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, 1950 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื•ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช, 1922 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืกื™ืžื™ ืœื–ืžื™, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ื—ื•ื” ืฉื˜ื ื’ืจ, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื™ืื“ื•, ื‘โ€ื’ืŸ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”โ€, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1950 ืืœื‘ื•ื ื—ื•ื” ืœื ื™ืื“ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื ื’ืจ, ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ (ืžืฉื”) ืจื–ื ื™ืง ืขื ื”ืžื—ื ืš ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืขืžืœ, 1946 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ืจื‘ืงื” ืจื–ื ื™ืง, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ื”ื•ึนืจึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึผึฐืงึธืจึดื™ื ื”ึดื‘ึผึดื™ื˜ื•ึผ ื ึธื ื•ึฐืจึธืื•ึผ
ื–ื•ึน ืชึผึฐืขื•ึผื“ึธืชึดื™, ืึทืชึผึถื ื‘ึผึดื™ ื”ึดืชึฐื’ึผึธืื•ึผ.
ืึตืœึตืš ืœึฐื‘ึตื™ืช ื”ึทืกึผึตืคึถืจ ืื•ึน ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ึผึฐื’ึทืŸ, ื–ึนืืช ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ึธืจึตื™ ื›ึผึธืชื•ึผื‘, ื›ืžื•ึผื‘ึธืŸ
(ืื•ืจืœื™ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ)
ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชืช ื”ื”ืžืฉืš โ€“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื˜โ€™, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ืขโ€ืฉ ืื•ืกื™ืฉืงื™ืŸ, ื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื, 1945 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื—ื ื” ื•ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืจ, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื-ื’ื“ (ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ) ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”, ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืžโ€ื•, ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืจืžืช ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1980 ืืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ื-ื’ื“ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื”, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื, ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™
ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ื”โ€ืก ืœืžืœ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1927 ื‘ืขืจืš, ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืžืฉื” ืงื•ื”ืœ, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ื“ืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™) ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘โ€™ ืขื ื”ืžื—ื ื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, 1943 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื“ืœื™ื” ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ืงืœ, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ

ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”
(ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื’ืคืŸ)

ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื”,
ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ,
ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื”.

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”,
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืœืžื™ื,
ื•ืื ื™, ื”ื ืžื•ืš,
ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
ืขืœ ืืจื’ื– ื”ืคื•ืš.

ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”,
ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืขืฉืจื”,
ืจืืฉื™ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”.

ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืœื™
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช.
ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืชืขืฉื” ืฉืœื ื™ืกืชื™ืจื• ืœื™
ื•ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช!

ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืžืขืœื”
ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
ื›ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข
ื•ื’ื ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื.

ืชืžื•ื ืช ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื–โ€™ โ€“ ื—โ€™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืคื™ืช, ืฉื ื”โ€ืœ ืชืฉโ€ื“, 1944 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื—ื ื” ื•ืขืžื™ื—ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืจ, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ
ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ืชืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชื” ื“โ€™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืืคืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, 1995 ืืœื‘ื•ื ืชืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืืคืง, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ