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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคื•ื˜ื•(ื‘)ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

1063.057.085
ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืžืขืœื•ืช-ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื

ืฉืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื”ื

ืฉืจื” ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืžืขืœื•ืช-ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘: ืฉืจื” ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื ืขืž"ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1966 ืœ-1998 (ื‘ืžืฉืš 32 ืฉื ื”!), ืืœื™ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1970-1976.

ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื”ืขื ืคื” ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื, ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื ื, ื ื•ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘:

ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ื•ืฉืขื”-ืฉืขื”. ืืžื ืคืขืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืขืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ืช, ื™ืžื™ ื›ื™ืฃ, ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืœืืžื”ื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืขืž"ืช, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ืœืง ืคืœืื™ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืืžื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืืžืช ื‘ื›ื ืก ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”"ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ" ืฉืœื”. ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชโ€ฆ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื”, ืื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื ืขืจืฆืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืœืื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืœืžื•ืฆืืŸ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ืœื ื”ืชืคืœืื ื• ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.

ืฉืจื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ื•ืืžืช ื‘ื›ื ืก ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช (ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืœื” ืืœื™). 1970-1980
ืฉืจื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ (ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”, ืžืขืœ ื‘ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘) ื‘ื›ื ืก ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ืขืž"ืช

ื›ื™ืœื“ ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ืื” ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื•ืื—ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื ื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืคืจ ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืข ื‘ื‘ื’ื“, ืžื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.

ืื‘ื™ ืชืžืš ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•. ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืชื•ืจ. ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื ื ืชื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘' ื•ืื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื“', ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื™ืงื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื โ€“ ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืื• ืžื‘ืชื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื—ืœืงื ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื”.

ื”ื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืจืชื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืœ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื•ืขืฆื” ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืื—ื™ ื•ืื•ืชื™ ืงืžื™ื ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืงืžื— ื•ืžื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืง ื•ืžื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืžื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื’ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืื“ื, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืฆืื• ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” "ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื", ื—ื™ ื•ืคืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ืงืœื•ืช ืื– ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื”.

 

ืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ (ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื’'ืงื˜) ืžืืจื— ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช , ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ื ืก ืจืค"ื™, 1965-1970

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืคืงื“ ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืืกื•ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืฉืื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืงื“, ื ืคืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ืื‘ื™ ืืกืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืœื ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.

ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1974, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื ื•ืจื ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื—ื“ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืชื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฆืคืช, ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืขืจื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืขืจืชื™ ืืช ืื‘ื™, ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืืงื“ื—, ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืจืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘. ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื“ืžืžื™ื. ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ืืฆืœื ื•: ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืจืคื•ืœ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืขืžื™ืจื ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื›"ืœ. ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืืœื•.

ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืžืื™ 1974. ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืฆื“ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืจื ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืจืคืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ ืืœื•ืฃ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืฉืœืฉื” ืžืคืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื— ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื”

ื›ืฉื ื•ื“ืขื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืœื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื”ืจื’ื• 27 ืื™ืฉ, ืจื•ื‘ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืฆื•ืขื™ื. ืื‘ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืช. ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื—ืจืื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืฉื ืœืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื ื•ืจื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื›ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆื”.

ืžืฉื ืช 1976 ื•ืขื“ ืฆืืชื• ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ื›ืจื›ื– ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999 ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืžืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 70.

ืืžื™ ื’ืจื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืช 90. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื” ืœืงื ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืื• ืกืชื ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜, ื ื™ื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื™ื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื•ืชื” ืคืชืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”. ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื’ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืžื ืœื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.

ืœืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ืชืจืฉื™ื—ื ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ