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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื•ืจื“ ื•ื™ืงื•ื ื˜ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ

ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื•ื™ืงื•ื ื˜ ืœื•ืจื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ, 1922-2014, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจ ื•ืื“ื•ื™ืŸ ืกืžื•ืืœ. ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืกืžื•ืืœ, ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืื™ืžื• โ€“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœืฉืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจ (ื’ืจื–ื•ื‘ืกืงื™).

ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘-1922 ื‘"ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”", ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืกืžื•ืืœ, ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ืคื•, ืจืžืืœืœื”, ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื–ืืช ืขืงื‘ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื˜ืขื ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜, ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืจืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืื“ื•ื™ืŸ ืกืžื•ืืœ, ื•ื’ื ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช. ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” (ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™), ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”) ื•ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ (ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”) ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“.
ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ื“ื•ื“ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืœื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืžื” ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ืกื•ืžื˜ืจื”. ื‘-1948, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข, ืฉื ืขืกืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉืง.
ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื‘ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื• ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื—.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืžื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ "ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช" (O.B.E.)


ืขืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืืฆื•ืœื” ืžืžืœื›ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ื”

ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995, ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืžืืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื ื’ื”ืื, ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืœ ื”ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ O.B.E. ("ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช"). ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื, ืฉืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืœื ื™ื“ืข, ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ื ื•ื— ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื˜ืงืก ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืจืฉืžื™.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื ื’ื”ืื ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ. ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขืžื“ ืืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื’'ื•ืŸ. ืกืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืื™ืชื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ืฉืžืข ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื• ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ, ื”ื•ื ืฆืขื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืคื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืก. ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉื•ื—ื—ื” ืขื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.

ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื” ืื™ืฉื” ื ืžื•ื›ืช ืงื•ืžื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื ืกืžื•ืืœ, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ.

ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื“ ืœืžืœื›ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ื“ ืงื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ ืœืžืœื›ื”.

ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื™ื–ื "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ", ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืกืžื•ืืœ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื–ื”ื•, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขื ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ืฉ.

ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื: ืืœื›ืก ื ืงืจื™ืืงื•ื‘

ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื ื™ืœื™ ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื–ื” ื“ื•ื™ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'