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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคื•ื˜ื•(ื‘)ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขืœื•ืช
ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืžืจื•ืฉืข, ื›ืชืžื™ ื“ื™ื• ื•ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช: ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”

ืฉืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื”ื
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื”ื•ืงื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื• โ€“ 'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืง ื›ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช โ€“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคื” ื›ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™', ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื‘. ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื’ืžื•ืช: ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช- ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช. ื“"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืื– ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืืช ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื”ื•ืงื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื• โ€“  'ืžืขืœื•ืช'

ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืจืง ื›ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช โ€“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคื” ื›ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™', ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืขื“ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื‘. ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื’ืžื•ืช: ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช- ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช.

ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘' ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ 'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, 1965

ื“"ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืื– ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ื ื‘ืจื’, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืืช ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“:

"ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื˜ืจื ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืžื’ืžื•ืช, ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื•ืจื” ืžื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืืžื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœื ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืจ. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขื ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืชโ€ฆ

ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– "ืฉืžื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืื ื™ ืจืฉืข ืžืจื•ืฉืข!". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืชื‘ื ื•. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ 65, ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื”, ืื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื• ืžื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื”, ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืจื•ืฉืข ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืœื‘ื™ืชื•. ืฉื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืขื ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช "ื”ื“ื™ืกื˜ื ืก", ื”ืขื–ื ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื•ืœื "ื”ืžื•ืจื”" ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ืชืงืœื™ื˜ ืฉืงื ื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ืชืฆืœื•ื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื˜ื™ืคื”โ€ฆื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•.

ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื’ ืžื•ื–ืจ: ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ืžื ื™ื— ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื˜ืฃ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื’ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื•, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจื—ื ื• ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื™ื— ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืžืจื— ืืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•, ื›ืš ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืจืื” ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ืšโ€ฆ

ืขื•ื“ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื ื—ืจื˜ื” ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื™: ืœืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื”, ืจืคื™ ื›ื ืคื•, ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื” โ€“ ืœืฉื ื ืฉืœื— ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื™ ืงื•ื ื“ืก. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ืคื™ื ื”, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื•ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื”: "ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”?". ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื ื• ืžืฆื—ื•ืง. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžื•ืฉืžืขื™ื ืœืžื“ื™, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื"

ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ 'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื• ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ- ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื›ื–ื•, ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื›ืœืœื” ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื” (ืžื’ื•ื”ืฆืช!), ื—ืฆืื™ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.

ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ 'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, 1964

ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื™ืฆืื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ โ€“  ืžืกืข 'ืžื™ื ืœื™ื', ืฆืขื“ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืžืคืœื“ื•ืจ, ืžื“ื™ ื™"ื ื‘ืื“ืจ.

ื›ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช: ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฆืขื“ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ืจื“ ื’ืฉื ื–ืœืขืคื•ืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื ื• ืžื”ืื•ื”ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ, ืกื•ื—ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืืช ืฉืงื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืกืคื’ื•. ื‘ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืข ื–ื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืฆืขื“ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฅ".

ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ 'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืชืœ ื—ื™, 1964

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช- ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช, ืฉืžื ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืชืฉืขื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“: ืฉื‘ืขื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ื ืขืจื•ืช.

"ื”ืžื—ื ื›ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื˜-ืกืœืข, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื™ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืชื, ืฉืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืชื ื•, ืงืจืื• ืงืจืœื”, ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก. ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืฉื™, ื•ื”ืชืงืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืงื”, ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื ืจืื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืงืœ.

ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืืจื˜ ืกืœืข, ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ 'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, 1963-5

ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื“"ืจ ืืคืจื, ื”ื™ื” "ืคืจื™ืง" ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœืœื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ ืืชื’ืจ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžืื“.

ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื“"ืจ ืืคืจื, ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ 'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, 1964-5

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“, ื ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ. ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ืœืฆื‘ื, ืคื ื™ื ื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืงืžื ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015, ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขืจื›ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื, ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื–ืžื ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื’ื ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื- ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“โ€ฆ"

ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ 1965 ืฉืœ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ 'ืžืขืœื•ืช' ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื•ืจื“ื”, ื’ืŸ ื™ื‘ื ื”, 1998

ืืœื‘ื•ื ื’ื•ืœืŸ-ื’ื•ืœื“ื ื‘ืจื’ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ. ืกื™ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื- ืชืžื™ ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื˜ืจืžืŸ