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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคื•ื˜ื•(ื‘)ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ
"ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื“, ืœื ื›ืŸ? " โ€“ ืขืœ ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืจื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื

ืฉืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื”ื
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœื ืงื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ 'ืฆืคืจื™ืจื™ื' ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื• ืœืžื“ื•, ื ืžืฆืื” ื’ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืžืžื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื, ืื ืœื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ. ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืžื”ืžื—ื ื›ืช ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ, ืืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ืชื” ืžื™ืจื™ ืืœื ืงื•ื” (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืกืžื™ืช') ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉื ืช 1955. ืžืจื™ื ื™ืงื™ืจืชื™" ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืžืื“ ืขื ืžื›ืชื‘ืš, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืœืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“- ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืœืžื“- ืœื ื›ืŸ? ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืื“ ืœืงืจืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื›ื, ืื•ืœื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ื”โ€ฆ"

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœื ืงื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืžืžื™ 'ืฆืคืจื™ืจื™ื' ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ื• ืœืžื“ื•, ื ืžืฆืื” ื’ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืžืžื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื, ืื ืœื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ.

ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืžื”ืžื—ื ื›ืช ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ, ืืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ืชื” ืžื™ืจื™ ืืœื ืงื•ื” (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืกืžื™ืช') ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉื ืช 1955.

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื. ืžื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื• ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืžื”, ืื™ืœื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžืื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืจื•ืช. ืžื™ืจื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื ืกืขื• ืœืงืจื™ืช ืขืžืœ (ื›ื™ื•ื ืงืจื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ) ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ ืงื•ืžืชื™ ื•ืœื• ื’ื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื™ืคื”. ืžื™ืจื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ืชืจืฉืžื” ืžืื“ ื’ื ืžืคื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื, "ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช", ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”, ื”ืขื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฆืจื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“.

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืืจืš ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ. ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื”, ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืœื” ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื”. ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืกืคืจื™ื. ืื”ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื™ืœื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืœื ืงื•ื”: ืžื™ืจื™, ื—ื ื” ื•ืื™ืฆื™ืง, ืื”ื‘ื• ืžืื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืคื‘ื–ื ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ื›ื•ื‘. ืœืกืคืจื™ื” ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื“ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื™ืฉืื™ืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจืื• ืื—ื™ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืœื›ืชื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืกืคืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš "ืœื”ืจื•ื™ื—" ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื”. ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืžื ืื™ืœื ื”, ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื.

ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช", ืžืกืคืจืช ืžื™ืจื™, "ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจื” ืžืื“ ืœื ื• ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ืœื ืกืชื ืžืงืฆื•ืข. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืฉืชืœื ื• ื•ื–ืจืขื ื•. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืขืจื™ื, ืกืžื•ืš ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ ื•ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ", ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื™ืื” ืžืื“ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ  ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฆืœื” ืขืจืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื ืฉืจ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ", ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื”  ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื—ื ื” ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ืชืฆืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืจื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื™ื•ืกืง'ื” ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœื— ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืืžื• ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ื"

ืชืžื•ื ืช ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ, 1955

ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฆืคืจื™ืจื™ื" ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืคื•ืขืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ: ื›ืฉืขืœื” ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ "ืงืจื™ืช ืขืžืœ" ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘.

ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ื™ื, ื› 12 ื™ืœื“ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘'. ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ื— ืœื ื”ื™ื”โ€ฆ

ืขื ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืคื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื›ื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืช ืขืžืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœื’ื ื ืช- ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘.

ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื ื ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืช ืขืžืœ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื’ืŸ, ืœื™ื“ ืขืฅ ื”ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ืงืจื™ืช ืขืžืœ, 1938

ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช, ื‘"ืงืจื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ" ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื• ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆืŸ, ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื” ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ืžื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื™ืœืช.

ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื—ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ื—ืฆืจ, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ 20, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื™ืจื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.

ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ: ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ 20, ืงืจื™ืช ืขืžืœ, 1954

ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืืœื ืงื•ื”, 'ื ืฉืจ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ'. ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื- ืืœื›ืก ืจื™ื ื’ืจ, ืจื›ื– 'ื ืฉืจ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ'

ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื‘ืื•ืŸ, 'ืงืจื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ'. ืกื™ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื- ืฉืคืจื” ืœืฉื, ืจื›ื–ืช 'ืงืจื™ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ'