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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคื•ื˜ื•(ื‘)ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช'

ืฉืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื”ื
"ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช", ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืžื—ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ (ืื– ืฉืžื—ื” ืกื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืŸ), ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช'. "ืื—ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ืžืจื•ืงื•", ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื”, "ื”ืชืคืœืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฆื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืฉืชื• ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื”. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืืžืจื”: ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืŸ ืžืœืš, ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื• ื”ืžืœืš ื’ืจ ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸโ€ฆ".

ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช", ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืžื—ื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ (ืื– ืฉืžื—ื” ืกื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืŸ), ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช'. "ืื—ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ืžืจื•ืงื•", ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื”, "ื”ืชืคืœืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฆื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืฉืชื• ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขื“ ื›ืžื”. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืืžืจื”: ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืŸ ืžืœืš, ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื• ื”ืžืœืš ื’ืจ ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸโ€ฆ".

ืฉืœื•ื ืœื•ื™, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช', ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ "ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืžื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืœื ื• ื™ื“, ืคื ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื•ืฉืืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช: ืžืื™ืคื” ืขืœื™ืช ืœืืจืฅ? ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื? ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉื ืกืคืจ ืœื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืกื™ืคืจื ื• ืœื• ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉื ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืžืื™ืชื ื•".

ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช' ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื•ืžื ืชื” ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื ืขืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื, ืฉืงื•ื‘ืฆื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื, ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื™ืกืจื™ื”.

ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขืจื›ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฆืขื“ืช 'ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื' ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจ ื›ืคื™ื”ื.

ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™, ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช' ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื

ืฉืœื•ื ืœื•ื™ ื•ืืฉืชื• ืžื–ืœ (ืื– ืžื–ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”), ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช' ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื, ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืคืจื•ืกืคืจ ืื•ื—ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื•ืจื™. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ 'ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื”ื‘' ื•ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ. ืคืจื•ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœืฃ ื‘ืขืฅ.

ืฉืœื•ื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืชื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ืžื•ืจืชื ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื ื” ืืฉืœ, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืœื”ื•ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืคื” ืื—ื“.

ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื ื—ืจื˜ื• ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื. ื‘-1959, ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ืฉื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช', ื—ืฉืคื” ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื•. ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช.

ื™ื•ื ื” ืืฉืœ, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ืขื•ื“ื ื” ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 95. ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื, ืœื‘ื“ื” ื•ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฆืื• ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ื–ืื™ืงื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื•, "ื‘ืจื•ื— ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช" ื›ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื”. "ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื•ืžืจืฆื”, ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ืข ืขืœ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื“ืคืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื, ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชืื™ื".

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื—ืจื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื’ืœื™ ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืจื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉืžื•, 'ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื'. ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ื’, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1948-1943 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคืœื™"ื โ€“ ื”ืคืœื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื—, ื•ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ืืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ.

ื”ืกื™ืจื” ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ืŸ ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช' ืžืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ. ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื˜ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืœื™ืžืื•ืช. ืฉืœื•ื ืœื•ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช: ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ  ืžื”ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื, "ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืชโ€ฆ"

ืกื™ืจืช ื”ืžืคืจืฉ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช' ืฉื ืชืจืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื, ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ

ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืจื•ื—ื ืงื™ื™ื, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช': "ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ 13 ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืœืœื ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœืœื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ื. ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—, ืœื™ ืขืฉื• 'ืขื™ืจื•ื™ ื“ื ืžืจื•ืงืื™'โ€ฆ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื ื• ืžื”ืจ. ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืœื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื ื•. ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžื–ืœ ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ืŸ, ืื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจืื ื• ืœื• 'ื—ืœื‘ื™', ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืจื™ื ื ืืžืŸ ื•ื—ื“ื•ื” ื•ื’ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื• ื‘ื ื• ืขืจื›ื™ื: ื—ืจื™ืฆื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”, ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช. ื”ืคื ืžื ื• ื•ื™ื™ืฉืžื ื•. ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ื—ืจื˜ื ื• 'ืœื’ืื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”', ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžืื“, ื”ืืžื ื• ื‘ื–ื”.

ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื ื•, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ 'ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื'"

ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช', ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”, 1964
ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช' ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื, 1963
ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช 'ืกื ื•ื ื™ืช' ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื, 1960