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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืคื•ื˜ื•(ื‘)ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

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ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื“ื”

ืฉืœื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื”ื
ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื ืช 1965 ื ืจืื” ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืฉืชื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืื•ืจืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืขื“ืช, ืจื—ืœ ืฉื•ืจ, ืœืกืคืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ.
ืื‘ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ืžื’ื“ื™ืืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฉืชื™ืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ, 1965

ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ "ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ". ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื ืช 1965 ื ืจืื” ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื—ื•ืคืฉ ืœืฉื•ื˜ืจ, ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืฉืชื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืื•ืจืŸ.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืขื“ืช, ืจื—ืœ ืฉื•ืจ,  ืœืกืคืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืฅ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืžืจื’ืฉ.

ื•ื›ืš ืกื™ืคืจ ื™ื•ืกื™:

ืื‘ื™, ื‘ืจื˜ื”ื•ืœื“ (ื‘ืจื•ืš) ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1919 ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช, ืขืช ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืš ืคืืจื•ืง. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื ืคื˜ืจ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืœืืžื™ ื–'ื ื˜ ื ื™ืงื•ืงื™ืจื™ืก, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช "ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื" ื‘ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ื’ื“ืœื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949 ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™, ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื•ื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืขื ืกื‘ืชื ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ. ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืืœ, ืื– ืžืขื‘ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื โ€“ ื—ื ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกื™ ื•ืื‘ื™.

ืื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœื ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืžื•ืคืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.

ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื• ื›ื•ืœื” ื ื˜ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”. ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืขืฆื™ ืคืจื™ ื•ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ืขืจื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ื ื˜ืข ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฅ ืื•ืจืŸ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื˜ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื•.

ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉืชื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–, ื•ืงื•ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™: "ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆืžื— ื•ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืœืฆืœ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื". ื•ืืžื ื, ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื”. ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื™ื›ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื’ื–ืขื• ื”ืชืจื—ื‘, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืขื ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืชืžืจ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื‘. ืฆืœื• ื›ื™ืกื” ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืื‘ื ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืก ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื’ ื”ืจืขืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืขืžื™ื“ืจ", ื‘ื™ืช ืœืœื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงืฆืฆื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืืช ืขื ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ, ืฉืœื ื™ืฆืžื— ืคืจื.

ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื ื—ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื• ืชื—ืช ืขืฅ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ. ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื•ืง ืกืžื•ืš ืœืขืฅ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ืคื™ื ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจืช: ืกืคืกืœ ืžืขืฅ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื›ืกืื•ืช ืžืžืชื›ืช ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื™ื˜ืช ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืžื–ืจื•ืŸ ืงืฉ ื•ืฉื˜ื™ื—.

ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ืื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ืฉื—ืžื˜, ืฉืฉ-ื‘ืฉ ื•ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•. ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืชืฉื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.

ื—ืœืคื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจื ื•, ื”ืงืžื ื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืื—ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื’ื‘. ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•, ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื ื™ื ื™ื, ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœื• ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ืฆืจ.

ื–'ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื ื›ื“ืชื” ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฅ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื’ื“ื™ืืœ, 1972
ื™ืœื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื“ื™ืืœ, ื‘ืฆืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ, 1972. ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื—ื ืŸ (ื’'ื•ื ื™), ื“ื™ื ื”, ืขืœื™ื–ื” (ืœื™ื–ื˜) ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื•ื–ื’ืœื• (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืจ), ื™ื•ืกื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ื• ืื‘ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืจ
ื‘ืจื˜ื”ื•ืœื“ (ื‘ืจื•ืš) ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื ื›ื“ื• ื“ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืชื•, 1973

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996 ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ืจื™ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ืจื™ืง. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืคื˜ืจ ืื‘ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 77. ื›ื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืชื• ืœื”ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื™ื•. ื›ืฉืงืžื ื• ืžื”ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ, ื ืกืขื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื•.

ืœืชื“ื”ืžืชื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื—ืœืงื• ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืขืฅ ื ืคืขืจ ืคืชื— ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืžืขืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืขืฅ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืืฉื•. ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืขื ืฃ ื ืฉื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื•!

ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื. ื”ืืžื ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื? ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืขืฅ ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื•? ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”, ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื–"ืœ. ืœืจื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืง ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืžืงืจื™ื ืกืชืžื™ ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืœืžืขืœื”: "ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื•ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืืฉื•. ื•ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฅ ื”ืฉื“ื”".

ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ื‘ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ืขืžื“. ืขืฅ ื”ืื•ืจืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ื’ื“ืข, ืืš ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช.