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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ืืžื™, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™

ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœื ืžืฉื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ื™. ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื“ืžื•ืช, ื–ื• ืื’ื“ื” ืžื”ืœื›ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื’ืขื”. ืœื ืจืง  ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืขืœืชื” ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช  ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช.  ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘'ื‘ื™ืจื ืขืžื™ืงืชื' ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืคื™ืœ ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœ'ืื™ื’ืจื ืจืžื'. ื”ื›ื•ืœ  ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื”  ื‘ืœื™  ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืืžื•ื ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื™ืกืชื“ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ืื’ื“ื” ืžื”ืœื›ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืืžื™, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” (ืกืขื™ื“ื”) ืœื•ื™ ืžืคืจื“ืกื™ื”, ืฉืชืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื.

ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”  ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช: ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืžื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืฆืืช ืœื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื ืœืœื ื’ืจื–ืŸ (ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœื” ื›ื–ื”); ืขื ื—ื–ืจืชื” ืœืงืจืืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™ืช, ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื—ืŸ ืื• ื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ืœืงืžื—, ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืœืืคื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืช ืื™ืžื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื”  ืืฉื”  ื—ื•ืœื ื™ืช.

ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,  ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื—ืคืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ืคืจ, ืžื ืขื• ื–ืืช ืžืžื ื”. ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆืื”  ืขื•ื“ ืื™ื–ื• ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข, ืœืžืฉืœ: ืงืœื™ืขืช ืกืœื™ื ืžื ืฆืจื™ื  ืื• ืืจื™ื’ืช ืžื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืžืจืฉืช. ื›ืš ื—ืœืคื• ื™ืžื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืœืœื ื™ืœื“ื•ืช  ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ื—ืžืœื” ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉ'ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช' ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืžืจื•ืช ืืช ืคื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ('ื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืื‘ื™ืš ื•ืืช ืืžืš ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืืจื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืš').

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืœื ืฉืžื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืขื•ืœืžื”, ืืœื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื. ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื•ืžืื™ืจื” ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืงืจ. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช, ืืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื,  ืชืžื™ื“ ืืžืจื” : 'ื”ืจื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื ื• ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื'.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”: ืคื•ืš ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืชื™ืžืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื›ืกืฃ (ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื)ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื•ื™ ืงื ื” ืœืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืžืชื ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื”, 1941
ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”:
ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, 1944
ืžืฉืžืืœ:
ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉื ื”(ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืจื™) ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื•ื™, 1941

ืืžื™, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™, ืขืœืชื” ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944 ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืช 17,  ื”ืชืืงืœืžื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœืœื ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ื“ืจืš. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘. ืื™ืžื  ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ โ€“ ืจืฆืชื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืงืœ ืœื”ืชืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืชืžื™ื“  ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื•ืžืจ 'ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืงืจื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ'.  ื‘'ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืชื”ื™ืœื”', ื”ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืจื“ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”  ืื™ืžื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ื• ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘.  ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืื‘ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื—ื“ื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ, ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืขื™ื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื”.  ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื’ื ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ืจื•ืฆื”.

ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื  ื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื—  ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื›ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืขื–ืจื” ืœื ื•  ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ ืชื™ืจืก, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ืื• ืžืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื (ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื™ื). ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืกืขืช ืœื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื. ื›ืฉืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื” 'ืœืืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช'?  ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” 'ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืืฉื•ื‘' ื•ืœื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื”.  ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” 'ืื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ'.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™ ื•ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื”, 1948
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–:
ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื ืงืก ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ (ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื), 1960 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืžืฉืžืืœ:
ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™ ื•ื—ืžืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื”, 1960

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื”. ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื™  ืื™ืžื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ื•ืจ ืกื™ื“  ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื”. ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื”  ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื ืชื ื” ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ  ืขืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื.   ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžื ื” ื•ื”ืœืื”.  ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื›ื™ืœ, ืืžื™ ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื“ื” ืžื™ื“. ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” , ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืžืฉืœืžื“ื” ืœืงืจื•ื  ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืขื ืกืคืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื   'ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืœื' ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”  ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื  ื•ืฉืชื•  ื‘ืฆืžื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืขืœื• ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื•ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ืช  ืฉืœื”.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื”, ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ (ืœื ืขืœื™ื ื•)  ืื• ืฉืžื—ื•ืช   (ืฉืชื™ืจื‘ื ื”) โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื•ืขื•ื–ืจืช: ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืจืง, ื—ื™ืœื‘ื”, ืกื—ื•ื’, ืคื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข.

ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื“ืืžืจื™ (ืฉืžืขื”) ื•ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™ (ืื ื”ื›ืœื”) ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืฉื‘ืข ืœื•ื™ ืคืจื“ืกื™ื”, 1967
ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ:
ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™ ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืคื™ืชื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื”, 1967
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื˜ื”:
ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, 1975 ื‘ืขืจืš

ืืžื ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื”  ืื•ื”ื‘ืช  ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”,  ืืคื™ืœื•  ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ืชืฉืขื™ื, ืื ื• โ€“ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื: ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœื”ืจืฆืื•ืช, ืœืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”: ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ืช ื”ื ื›ื“ื” ืกืคื™ืจ ืืจืœื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืœืžื™ "ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ืงืกื•ื" ืœื™ื“ ืคืจื“ืกื™ื” ( ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ืœื”), 2010
ืžืฉืžืืœ:
ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™ ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ ืคืจื“ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฆืขื“ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื (ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”) 1985 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืœืžื˜ื”:
ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื™ื–ื "ืคืจื“ืกื™ื” ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ", 2016

ืืžื™, ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™, ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื”.

ืืžื, ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืคืช  ืœืชื‘ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืจืš  ืฉื‘ื” ืจืื•ื™  ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืืฉืจื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชืš ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื–ื™ื• ืคื ื™ืš, ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš  ืœื—ื•ื•ืช  ืื™ืชืš ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ืžื™ ื™ื™ืชืŸ.

ื›ืชื‘ื”: ืืœื™ืฉื‘ืข ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืคืจื“ืกื™ื”

[ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืœื•ื™, ืคืจื“ืกื™ื”]