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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ืžืขืชืœื™ืช ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘, ืžืœื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช

ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืืžืฆืข ื•ืกื•ืฃ. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘. ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจืงื•ื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื”: ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช, ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืœืื” ื ื”ืจื’ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืืจืก 1948 ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ  1928, ื‘ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื–ืื‘ ื•ืœื™ืคื” ืจืงื•ื‘, ื–ื•ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืžื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื  ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช.  ื–ืื‘ ืจืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื ื•ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืื•ื™.  ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช.  'ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื', ื›ืš ืงืจืื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื—ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ื™ื™ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืจืื• ืกื‘ืš ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืกื™ืžื ื• ืืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ืง"ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืกืขื• ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆืœื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืงื“ื—ืช ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”: ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 'ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ื' ืขืชืœื™ืช, 1925
ืžื™ืžืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”: ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืืจื”, 1921 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืฉื•ื ื™, 1923 ื‘ืขืจืš

ื›ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืขืชืœื™ืช ื•ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžื—ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื— ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื โ€“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื–ืื‘, ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—.  ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื ื™ืคื”โ€“ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืœื” ืžืงืจืกื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื–ืื‘, ื•ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื“ืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928 ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชื ืœืื”.  ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืื•ืจื”, ื‘ืชื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: 'ื”ืžื—ื ื”' โ€“ ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—, ืขืชืœื™ืช
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”: ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช, 1922
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”: ื™ืคื” ื•ื–ืื‘ ืจืงื•ื‘ ื•ืœืื”, ื‘ืชื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”

ืœืื”, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจ, ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—, ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืืจื•ืš ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ. ืชื ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื• ืืคื• ืœื—ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืœื•, ืฉื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืงื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ, ืคื•ื ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘'ืžื—ื ื”', ื›ืš ื ืงืจื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื’ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืžืงื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” 'ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘, ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข' .

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืช 7, ืขืชืœื™ืช, 1935
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื” ื•ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘

ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™  ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ื’ื ื ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืชืœื™ืช. ื–ืื‘, ืื‘ื ืฉืœ ืœืื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื•ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืชืคืจื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืื•ืจืข .  ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—, ืœืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™, ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื•ืœืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจื— ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.  ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ืงืœืื™, ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—. ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขื•ื ืช 'ืงืฆื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื—' ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื™ืœื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช, 1942
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”: ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช, 1932 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”: ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941 ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื ืขืจื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืขื  ืืจืฉืช ืคื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฆืžื•ืช, ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืœื•ืžื“, ืงืŸ ืขืชืœื™ืช. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืŸ ืžื™ืœืื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื”. ื‘ืช 13 ืฆืขื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืชื”ืœื•ื›ืช ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืŸ. ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืœืืจ ืจืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื“ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช, 1941
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืช 13, 1941
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืื™, ืกื ื™ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืœื—, 1941

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943 ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื›ื ืขืจื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืขื ืฆืžื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.

.  ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ 'ื—ื•ื’ื™ื' ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ืืš ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ 'ืžื—ื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“' ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื ื•ื•ื” ื™ื, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš, ืฉืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช, ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืื™.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื™ืœื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื—' ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ, 1942
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืœ ืขืชืœื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ืก ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืจ ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœื ื•ื•ื” ื™ื, 1940
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืจ ืขืชืœื™ืช, 1940

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944 ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“. ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืœืžืช ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” .  ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”. ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื—ื’ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ ืขื ืฃ ื”ืœื•ืœ ื‘'ื˜ืงืก ืงืง"ืœ'. ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืงืคืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจื”  ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉืœื—ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืฆืœื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืฆืื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื”. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ  ื•ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘, ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“, 1946
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืขืœื”: "ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืคื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื" : ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“, 1945
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื˜ื”: ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“, 1945
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, 1944

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1947 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื’ื•ื™ืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื”, ืืš ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1948  ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ืจืคื” ืœื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื•ื’. ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืžื” ืขืฉืชื”, ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื˜ืœืžื” ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืœื—ื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืฃ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ  ื•ื’ื ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืงืคื• ืืช 'ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™', ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”: ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1947
ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”: ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื—, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1948
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ื‘ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1947

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1948 ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื ืคื’ืฉื” ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืกืขื” ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืจืก ืขืœืชื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ืžื”ืžืืจื‘. ืœืื”, ื‘ืช 19 ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ืจื”. ื”ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืจื” ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ื—ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืจืฆืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื ืคืœื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1948
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ื–ืื‘ ืจืงื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•, ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘, ื”ืจ ื”ืจืฆืœ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืคืจื— ื”ื’ืจื‘ืจื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื–ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘.

ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžืงื•ืžืฅ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ื” ื•ื›ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื ืฆื—ืชื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืขืชืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืฅ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืข ืœื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืง"ืœ.  ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืชืจืžื• ื–ืื” ื•ื™ืคื” ืจืงื•ื‘. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ื–"ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื’ื ืคืจื— ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื”, ื›ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืื—ื“ ืžื–ื ื™ ืคืจื— ื”ื’ืจื‘ืจื” ืฉืคื™ืชื— ื”ืื’ืจื•ื ื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ืžืช ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืงืฆื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืž"ื—.

ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื” ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืœืื” ืจืงื•ื‘ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“. ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืฉื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, 'ืžืœื— ื”ืืจืฅ' ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข.

ื›ืชื‘ื”: ืฉื•ืœื™ ืœื™ื ื“ืจ ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™

[ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ-ืขืชืœื™ืช]