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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ืกื‘ืชื ืื ื” ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืขื ืืžื ืืกืชืจ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ
ืกื‘ืชื ืื ื” ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืขื ืืžื ืืกืชืจ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ
ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ื‘

ืืžื™ ืืกืชืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘-15.3.1922 ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ืื ื” ื•ืคืจื™ืฅ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’. ืคืจื™ืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1879 ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1892 ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื, ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ื”, ืืœืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ื•ืกืคืกื•ืŸ, ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื’ืจื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื. ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื”, ื–ื™ื’ืคืจื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’.

 

ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ืคืจื™ืฅ, ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื ื’ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฅ ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื”ืจ ื”ืืœื‘ื”. ืœืกื‘ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ื•ืช ืชืื•ืžื” โ€“ ืœื•ืื™ื–ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ืกื‘ื, ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ื ืง ื•ืจื‘ื•ืจื’.

ืกื‘ืชื ืื ื” ืžืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื ืช ื•ื ืกืขื” ืœื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืœื’ื ื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื. ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืกื‘ื ืคืจื™ืฅ, ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื—ืชื ื• ื‘-1908. ืกื‘ืชื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ื’ื ื ืช, ื•ืฉื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ (1910) ืื•ื•ื” (1912) ื•ืืกืชืจ ืืžื™ (1922). ืกื‘ืชื ืื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933, ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืืกืชืจ ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื”ืฆืงื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ืฉื. ื—ืจืฃ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ืกื‘ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืœื ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืœืืจื”"ื‘. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ืืกืจื• ืืช ืกื‘ื ืคืจื™ืฅ, ืืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื. ืื™ืžื ืืกืชืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื, ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.


ืกื‘ื ื–ืื‘ (ื•ื™ืœื™) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืกืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘-19.5.1913 ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ืื ื” ื•ืžืจืงื•ืก ืฉืžื•ืœื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1915 ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืืกืŸ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืœืื‘ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ืœื“ื”.

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื‘ื ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”"ื—ืœื•ืฅ" ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืœืžื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฉืืฃ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืกืจื˜ื™ืคื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ, ื ืฉืœื— ืื‘ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”"ื—ืœื•ืฅ" ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื, ืžืจืงื•ืก ื•ืื ื”, ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื ืกืคื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ืขื‘ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื–ืื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื, ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944, ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–. ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืืžื™ ื“ืจืš ืื—ื•ืชื” ืื•ื•ื”, ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืขืžื•.

ื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื ื• ื‘-1945 ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื. ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื™ืจื— ื“ื‘ืฉ, ืืš ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ื”ื–ืขื™ืงื• ืืช ืื‘ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืื—ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืชืžืจ.

ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื‘-1949 ื•ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ืœ-ืขื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื‘ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืžื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืขื ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื. ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื•ืชืžืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืœื™ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืืฃ ืฉืืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช, ืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื‘-1951 ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืื ื™, ื ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘-1957 ื ื•ืœื“ ืื—ื™ ื“ื•ื“.

ืื‘ื ื•ืื™ืžื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ื•ืฉื ืžืฆื ืื‘ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื’ืจื• ืฉืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื’ืœ-ืขื“, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืขืžื” ื ืคื’ืฉื ื•, ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ื• ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื—ื’ื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืื—ืจืช. ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.

ื ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืืจ-ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ื ื—"ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืคื• ื•ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื ื” ืขื ื ืชืŸ ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื: ื”ื™ืœื” ืขื ื‘ืœ ื•ื˜ืœ. ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืจืขื ื ื” ืฉื "ืื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืขื ื ื”. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื•ืœื•ืœื™ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืจืขื• ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืžื•ืกื™ื." ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืจืขื ื ื”, ื™ืฆืื” ืœืคื ืกื™ื” " ื•ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœืฆืœื, ืžืชืืžื ืช ื‘ืงืื•ื ื˜ืจื™ ืงืœืื‘, ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื."