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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืจื•ื— โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ื ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ โ€“ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืก

ืืคืจื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-7 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1925 ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื˜ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืืงืจืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื”, ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืงืคืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื. ื˜ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฆืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืืจื™ืฆ'ื›ื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืฃ ืจื—ืฆื”. ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ โ€“ ื›-600 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื” ื›ืชื—ื ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื”ื. ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช. ื”ืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฆื“ืงื” ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ื™ ืกื™ืคืง ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.

"ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฆื ื•ืขื™ื. ืื‘ื ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืคืจื ืก ื•ื”'ื™ื™ื“ืฉืžืืžื' ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื ืื™ืช ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื”: ืžื™ื›ื” ืื ืฉืœ, ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื ื™ โ€“ ืืคืจื™ื, ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืื—ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™, ื›ืฉืื™ืžื ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื” ืืช ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืฉืœืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืœื™ื“ ื”ื ืจื•ืช."

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ: ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืชื ื—ื™ื” ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ, ื”ืื‘ ืžืื™ืจ, ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื”ืื ืื“ืœ
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืจ ื•ืื“ืœ ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื‘ื™ืช ืชืžื—ื•ื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื•, 1923

ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื‘ืงื ืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื”, ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืงื”ื™ืœื” ืชื•ืกืกืช ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื“ืชื™, ืื ื›ื™ ืœื ืื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื”ืกื‘, ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจื ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช 'ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™' ื•ื’ื ื’ื‘ืื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืžื“ื™ ื—ื’ ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
"ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื–ืง ื•ื–ืจื™ื–. ื‘ื—ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื”ื’ื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœ'ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื' ื•ืฉื ืื›ืœื ื•, ืจืงื“ื ื• ื•ืฉืจื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื˜ืคืจืžืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืจื” ืžื•ืœื ื• ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•. ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื–ืžืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืชื ืœืื•ืœื."

ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืฉื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืชื—ื• ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ื”ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• 'ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ', 'ื‘ื™ืชืจ' ื•'ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ื ื™ื”'. ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช"

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืขืœืชื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” -ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ื, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืก.

ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933 ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ.
"ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 12 ื›ืฉืฉื›ื ืชื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ืืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืžื•ืš ื”ื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืขืฅ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืงืจืก ื”ื ืืฆื™. ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžื›ืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืคืœื’ื” ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื. ืžืขืžื“ ื–ื” ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ืื•ืช".

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1939 ื›ืฉืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ื: ืžื›ืœ, ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“; ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื•, ืื ืฉืœ ื•ื“ื•ื“, ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžื–ืจื—ื”, ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืงื– ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”; ืืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื. "ื ืคืจื“ืชื™ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืชืคืชื— ื•ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืชืืจืš".

ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1940. ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช 'ืงื•ืžืกื•ืžื•ืœ' ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืกื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.

ื‘-15 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1941 ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื ืกืงื•,  ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ืœื˜ืจื ืกื™ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืจ ื“ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ. ืžืชื•ืš 270 ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื• 227 ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” 'ื ืงื™ื™ื”' ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืงืจืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืจื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกืจื‘ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื˜ืจื ืกื™ื‘ื ื™ื”

ืืคืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ 14 ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื ืคืฆืข ืžืจืกื™ืกื™ ืคื’ื– ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
"ื•ืจื”, ืจื•ืคืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™".  ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ื˜ื ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืื‘ื™-ื™ืืจ. ื”ื ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื ื ื—ืจื˜ื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ืœืขื“. ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื. ืœื—ืžืชื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืื—ื™ ืื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื—ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ื•ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืงืคื ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื• ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื—ืœืฆื•. ืื ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืขื“ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื”".
ื‘- 2008 ื”ืงื™ื ืืคืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ืžืื™ืจ ื•ืืฉืชื• ืžืœื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืžื•ื ื“.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืืคืจื™ื™ื ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื, 1941
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžืขืœื”: ื•ืจื”, ืจื•ืคืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืื“ื•ื, 1941 ื‘ืขืจืš
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื˜ื”: ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื—ื ื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ

"ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1944 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ื˜ืจื‘ืœื™ื ืงื”. ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืขื ืืžื™ ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืžื ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืขืชืœื™ืช".

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื”ืื ื™ื™ื” 'ื”ื”ื’ื ื”' ื‘ื” ืขืœื” ืืคืจื™ื ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 1945
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืืคืจื™ื ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืืคืจื™ื ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ืขื ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช

ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1945 ื™ืฆืื• ืืคืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืืงืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื’ื•ืกืœื‘ื™ื” ืœื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—.  ื”ื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื 'ื”ื”ื’ื ื”' ืขื  ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืืกืคื• ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”. ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืืจื›ื” ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืื ื™ื™ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืœื™, ื•ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื ืžืœ ื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจื“ื• ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
"ื”ื•ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ืช, ืฉื ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ืืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื 'ืชืœ ืžื•ื ื“' ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1918 ื•ืฉืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ. ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืจื‘. ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ  ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืงืœื˜ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ืฉื ื’ื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืืฉืชื™ ืœืขืชื™ื“, ืžืœื›ื” ืงืจืกืœ. ืžืœื›ื” ืชืจื’ืžื” ืœื™ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ืœืื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืฆืคื™ืชื ื™ืช ืฉืœ 'ื”ื”ื’ื ื”' ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ืœืชืข"ืฉ ืชืœ ืžื•ื ื“".
ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืœื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืคืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชืข"ืฉ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืืคืจื™ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ืœ ืฉืœ 'ื”ื”ื’ื ื”' ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช, ื‘ืžืืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.

ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืก ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื” ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืชื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืก, 1946
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”: ืืคืจื™ื ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืžืœื›ื” ืืฉืชื• ื•ื‘ื ื ืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืฉืง, ื›ืคืจ ื”ืก, 1955 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”: ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื” ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืžืื™ืจ, 1955 ื‘ืขืจืš

ื‘ื ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืžืง ื—ืคืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืืš ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœื ืงืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื™ืš ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ื™ืจ.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1970 ื’ื•ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ; ื”ื•ื ื ืคืกืœ ืœืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื˜"ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ืชืฉืœ"ื, 8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1971, ื ืคืœ ืกืžืœ ืžืื™ืจ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืฉืขื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ืขืช ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืžื ื•ื—ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืžื•ื ื“.
"ื”ื ืฆื—ื ื• ืืช ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื‘ืกื™ื ื™. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“". 

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืžืื™ืจ ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ื ืจืช, 1955 ื‘ืขืจืš
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืžืื™ืจ ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, 1970 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”: ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืกืคื• ื‘ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื™ื ื™
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”: ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืก

ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ

ืขื ืžื•ืช ืžืœื›ื” ืืฉืชื•, ื”ืคืš ืืคืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ืœืืชืจ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืคืขื™ืœ. ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื ืช ื ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขื ื”ืขืชืง ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืง ื”ื™ืกืขื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืก ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืง ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื. ืืคืจื™ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉืจื” ื ื™ื ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจื” ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืก ื•ื”ืžืฉืง ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ื•ืคืขื™ืœ.

ืืคืจื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-29 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2014. ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืš.


ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉืืคืจื™ื ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื "ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืจื•ื—".

ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื‘ื•ื ืืคืจื™ื ื–ืœืฆื”ื ื“ืœืจ โ€“ ื›ืคืจ ื”ืก, ืœื‘ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ

ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืจื•ื—".