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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ โ€“ ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ืขื‘ืจื™

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื™ืœื ื” ื‘-1907. ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ ืืš ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื—ืจื ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื ืืกืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื’ืจื” ืœืื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ 'ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ', ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 17 ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื ืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฆื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื: ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ื’, ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืžื›ืจ ื“ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ืฆื•ืคื™ ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื›ืฉื‘ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ โ€“ 'ื”ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืœืœ'.

ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขืœ ื›'ืฆื•ืคื™ื' ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืื•ืœื ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืงืžืช ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช 'ื”ื”ื’ื ื”' ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื—ืช ื ืฉืง ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื.

ื‘ืฉืคืš ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืคื™ ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื• ื ืขืจื›ื• ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืชื™ืจื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืชื•ืกืกืช.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช 'ืฆื•ืคื™ ื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื' ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื•ืคื™ ื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื™ 'ื”ื”ื’ื ื”' ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™ ื™ื.

ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื•ืื™, ืฉื ืฉื”ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ. ืฉื ื’ื ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื•, ื–ื”ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืืจืฆื” ื‘- 1934 ื•ื’ืจื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืฆื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืคื• ื‘- 1936 ื‘ื™ืคื• ื‘-1935 ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืคืจื•ืง ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืžืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื ืžืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ืคืชื™ื—ืชื• ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ืžื™ืœืื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืงืงืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื‘ื ืžืœ: ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื, ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื˜ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื™ืฆื•ื ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื, ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื ืžืœ:

ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
ืืœืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช,
ืื ื• ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื’ืœ
ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคื” ื ืžืœ.
ืื ื• ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื’ืœ
ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืคื” ื ืžืœ.

ืžื•ืฆืง ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืจื ื”ืžื ื•ืฃ
ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
ืชื›ืœืช ืžืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืชื›ืœืช ืžืขืœ,
ื›ื›ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืžืœ.
ืชื›ืœืช ืžืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืชื›ืœืช ืžืขืœ,
ื›ื›ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืžืœ.

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืœ ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืœื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื ืžืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1966.

ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืžืœ. ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1944, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ืงื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืฉื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื.

 

ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘- 1948 ืคื™ืงื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื ืžืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื• ื•ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื•.

ื—ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื 'ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื', ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืžืื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืกื•ืง ื™ืžืื™ื, ื—ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืคื™ ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ 'ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื' ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ

ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื•ื’ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืคื’ื ื™ ืฉื™ื˜. ื”ื—ื’ ื ื—ื’ื’ ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื– ื’ื•ื•ืข ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื-ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉ ืคื™ืงื“ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืขืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1966 -1971 ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช 'ืฆื™ื' ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื 'ืงืžืคืืœ', ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื• ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 81 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988.