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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ืคืจื“ืก ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฉืคื”

ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืคื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1864. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช 'ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ'. ืœืคืจื ืกืชื• ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืื•ื“ืกื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืกืœื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1897 ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ,  ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืงื ื” ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1905, ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืคื ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืœื” (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืœื—ื•ื‘ืกืงื™) ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื—ื ืช ืงืžื— ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช 'ื–ืจื•ื‘ื‘ืœ' ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืจืคื” ื‘ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช 1921.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช 1921 ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฉืคื” ืœื ืก ืฆื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ืคืจื“ืก ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื”. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ื•ืœืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช 'ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืคื•' ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื–ื™ ืขืฅ, ืฉืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืคื” ื•ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ, 1924, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืคื ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืคื”, ืจื‘ืงื” ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ. ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืกืœื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื”
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”: ืžืคืขืœ ืœืืจื™ื–ืช ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฉืคื”, 1927 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”: ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 25, 1924

ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923 ืจื›ืฉ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืคื” ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924, ื›ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฉืคื” ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• (ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 25). ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืคื” ื›ื‘ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืคื•-ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืจื“ืกื ื™ื 'ืคืจื“ืก', ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ ื›ืคืจ ื”ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืชืจื•ืžืชื•, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื (ื”ื™ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืž'ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช'). ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ืง 'ืงื•ืคืช ืขื' ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื•, 1920
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืกืœื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื” ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฉืคื”, 1924
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”: ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื” ื•ืกืœื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืื‘ื ืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, 1938
ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื”: ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื” ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉื™ ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 1912 ื‘ืขืจืš

ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื”, ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื“ืžื” ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ื“ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ืกืข ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืืจืฆื” ื›ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืขื ืฃ ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924 ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืกืœื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ ืืฉืจ ืขืœืชื” ืืจืฆื” ื‘-1920 ืขื ืื—ื™ื” ื•ืขื ืืžื” ืจื‘ืงื”. ืจื‘ืงื” ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ืช ื ืฉื•ืช 'ืžื–ืจื—ื™' ื‘ื’ื•ืœื”, ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื’ื•ื“ืช 'ื”ื™ืจืงืŸ' ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื•ื“ืจืžืŸ ืฉื›ืจื” ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 25, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืกืœื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“, ื‘ืขืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“. ืœื–ื•ื’ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ืื‘ื ืจ. ืื‘ื ืจ ื™ืฉืคื” ื ื”ื’ ืœืกืคืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง ืฉืื”ื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืฉืš ืœื• ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 25, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฉืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“-ืงื•ืžืชื™, ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื ื• ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ (ื‘ืื•ื”ืื•ืก). ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื‘ื™ืช ืืจื™ื–ื” ืœืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื”
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืคืจื“ืก ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ื“ืจ, ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจ ืจืžืชื™ื™ื, 1922 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจ ืชื•ืฆืจืช 'ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืคื•' ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื˜ื•ืœืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื™ืฉืคื”, 1920

ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืขืกืงื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘'ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืคื•' ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืžืคืขืœ ืœืืจื™ื–ืช ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื–ื™ ืขืฅ, ืืš ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืขืฆืจื” ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜. ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ื‘ื ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืกืœื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืคื”, ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจืงืœื™ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื‘ื ืจ, ื‘ื ื ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” 'ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”', ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“, 1928 ื‘ืขืจืš
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืื™ืช, 1935 ื‘ืขืจืš
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืขืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ื ืžืœ ื™ืคื•, 1933 ื‘ืขืจืš

ืื‘ื ืจ ื™ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ื‘ืœื”ื” ื‘ืŸ-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื•, ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” 'ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”'. ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื”, ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ, ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ ื•ื‘ืœื”ื”, ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืืจืก 1954, ื•ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืื, ืกืœื™ื ื” ื™ืฉืคื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง 25. ืขื ืชื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื™ืฆืื• ืื‘ื ืจ ื•ื‘ืœื”ื” ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื. ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืืจืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1959.

ื”ืกืคื“ื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื”: ื”ืกืคื“ ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื”, ื—ื ืŸ ืจื•ื›ื™ืžืŸ, ืชืฉื›"ื“, 'ืงื™ื ื” ืขืœ ืื“ื ื•ื–ืžื ื•' ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉืคื”, ืื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืกืจื™, 1954

[ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืŸ ืžืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ืŸ-ื—ื™ื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ]