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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืฆืœื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืฆืœื ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกืžืจืงื ื“ (ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ื–ื‘ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ) ื‘-1918, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืข ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ (ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืŸ), ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘-1950 ืืจืฆื”. ืืช ืจื–ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœืžื“ ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืฆืœื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื•ืชื ืจื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืฆืœื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื”. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฆืœื ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื’ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืœื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื.

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื' ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฆืœื. ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื• ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉื™ืฆืœื ืืช ืื‘ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืจื™ื: ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœืœื—ื, ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืœื ืื•ืชื. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— 16 ืœื™ืจื•ืช  ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ.

ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืขืœ 'ื”ืฆืœื' ืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ: ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ื•  ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืœื ืื•ืชื, ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ 'ื”ื“ืกื”' ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื’ื ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืืช ื’ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉ, 3 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1950, ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, 1960. ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืฉืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, 1953. ืฆืœื: ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ. ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืชื•  ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.

ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื ื” ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืžืฆืœืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขื ืคืœืืฉ. ื›ืฉื ืกืข ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืกื™ืคืจ ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืคื ืกื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื ืชื™ืžื ื™ื. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืจืื• ืžืขืชื” ื›ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื•. ื›ืจืงืข ืœืžืฆื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืœื•ื— ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื•ื‘ื• ืื’ื, ืขืฆื™ ื ื•ื™, ื˜ื•ื•ืก ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœื’ื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื”  ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืœืžื™ื ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื’ืœื•ื™ืช ืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช, ืžื ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื•ื“.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืœืžื• ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืžื ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืืช ื”ืชืœื‘ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืžื”ื•ื“ื•, ืืœื™ื” ื ืกืข ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, 1961. ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืฉืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ
ื‘ืžืจื›ื–: ืจื™ืงื™ ื ื“ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ืชื™ืžื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืžืืจืก 1971. ืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ื“ื‘, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื’ืœื•ื™ื™ืช 'ืฉื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”' ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, 16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ  1960. ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืฉืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ

ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœืฆืœื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื : ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื˜ืงืกื™ ื—ื™ื ื” ื•ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืฆื™ืœื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืืš ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืฉืœื• ืœืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืœื›ืคืจ ืงืืกื, ืœืื‘ื• ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื• ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื“ืœืง ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, 1969. ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื ื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื›ืžื• ืชืฆืœื•ื ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ.

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืฆืœื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2002, ืื– ืคืจืฉ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื ื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžืกืจ ืืช ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืฉืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืชื™ืžืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข"ื” ืกื•ื“ืจ ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื•ืงื•ื˜ืœื’, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืกืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœืคื™ ืชืฉืœื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื. ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื-ืžืœื’ืื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช.

ื‘ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ืชืฉืข"ื• ื ื—ื ื›ื” ื‘ืืžืคื™ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื 'ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง' ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื” ืคืื ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื ื›ื— ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืœื•ื˜ ื•ืืฃ ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื”ืฆืœื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฆืœื ื“ื ื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื˜ ื”ืžื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ. ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” 'ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืง', ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, 29 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ  2015. ืฆืœื: ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื™

ื›ืชื‘ื•: ื“"ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ ื•ื™ืกื›ื” ืจื•ื•ื”, ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืŸ, ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015