Jump to the main content of the page

ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ

ืžืืžืจื™ื

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืื“ื ื™ืงืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืื”ื•ื‘

ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืชื”ืœืš ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ. ื—ื™ื•ืš ื ืฆื—ื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•, ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื—ื ืš ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื•.

ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2015. ืื™ืš ื ืชืขื“ ืื•ืชื•?

ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืื” ืžืื™ืจื™, ืžืชื ื“ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ื–ื, ืคื ืชื” ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืขื“ ืื•ืชื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืš. ืœืื” ืกื™ืคืจื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื•. ืœืฆื“ ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื”ืชืืจื™ืš. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžืชื ื” ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื™, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื•ืš ืœื‘ื‘ื™ โ€“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืฆืขื“ื”, ืžืฉืžื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงืคืœืŸ ื•ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืขื“ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ื”ื“ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืจื’ืœ ืฆืขื“ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 1961
ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื™ืช ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ื˜"ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ื—ื ื•ื›ื”, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงืคืœืŸ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 1962
ืœืžื˜ื” ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืฆืขื“ื”, ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื’ ื”ื”ื“ืจ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 1962

ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืžืฉืžืืœ) ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืื™ ื•ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื™, ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื‘, 1967

ื™ืฆื—ืง  ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื—ืžื™ ืฆืžื— (ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžืœืื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ):

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืกืขื ื• โ€“ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื โ€“ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื˜ื‘ืจื™ื” ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืฉืืœื ื• ืœืืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื. ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื’ื‘, ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื™. ืžื™ื“ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื ื• ืœืฉื™ื™ืจื”. ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื ืขืžื“ ืœื• ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื™. ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ. ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื” ื•ืืžืจ ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉืžื— ืœืฉื™ืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง  ืœืœื™ื•ื•ื™. ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืจืฅ ืœืจื›ื‘, ื—ื–ืจ ืขื ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื™. ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ ืืœ ืœื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขื ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ ื‘ืคืœื™ืื” ื•ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™: ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™? ื›ืŸ, ืืžืจืชื™, ืืช ื›ื•ืœื. ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœ ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื™ ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ืื’ื“ื”. ืฉื ื™ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืœื™ื•ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจืชื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฉืจ ื•ืœืงื•ืœ ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื ืœื”ื‘.

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืกื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืœืžื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ  ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืืžื•ื ืชื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื”. ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื™ืžื“ ืœืœื ืชืžื•ืจื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืœื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื, ื”ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ืกืชืจ ืžื›ืกืคื• ืžืœื’ื” ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืงื ื” ืžื›ืกืคื• ื›ืœื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื™ื, ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื‘ื™ื™ืฉื. ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช ื•ืชืžืš ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ืชื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื.

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื ื’ืŸ ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, 1977
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช, ืื•ืœื ื•ื™ืงืก, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 1982

ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ืข ืžืžื›ืชื‘ ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ืชื•, ื‘ืœื”ื” ืงืจืื•ืก:

ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ืชืจืžืช ืžื–ืžื ืš ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื ื• ื“ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื‘ื ื’ื™ื ื”. ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœืš ืฉืขืžืœืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื. ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื”ืงื ื™ืช ืœื™ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืชื™ ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื’ืŸ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืžืจืฅ.


ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ืงืจื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืœื”ื” ืงืจืื•ืก, ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ- ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 1960

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934. ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ืจืฉื ืžืคื™ื• ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืงื™ืฉ) ืžื•ื ืง. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื ื–ื›ืจ  ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืœื• ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ื™ื” "ืื•ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ื’ื•ืจ", ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืฉื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ ื”ืื ื™ื™ื” "ืืงืกื•ื“ื•ืก":

ื˜ืงืก ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ ื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ืื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ "ืื•ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ื’ืจ". ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืจื” ืชืคืก ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• 1,500 "ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื" โ€“ ืžื’ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”. ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื•ืจืงื™ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืฉืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื ื•โ€ฆ

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื• ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืื• ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ืœืจืฉื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ืฆื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืšโ€ฆ

ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ืชื•, 1982
ืžืฉืžืืœ: ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื•ื™ืงืก, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, 1978

[ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืŸ ืžืืœื‘ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 'ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ']